Factors Influencing Process Design Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Components Influencing Process Design - Essay Example The selection of materials is one factor that influences the procedure plan of items. During the time spent picking the correct material for items, there are various components that are considered according to material decision (Cresswell, 2002). Amount of items to be fabricated, advertise expenses and item use are the elements related with material decision. The material to be utilized ought to think about what condition and the item will be utilized. For instance, when assembling cups for taking tea, the material utilized ought to have the option to withstand hot or cold temperatures and washing. The amount of items to be manufacturedrelates to the sum required to be offered to the objective market. For instance, a lot of cups can be produced if numerous requests are required by the customer. In addition, showcasing cost alludes to the last item costs. The end expenses of items ought not surpass the cost that item will be sold in the market inasmuch as it can play out the capacity it was made for and mirrors the quality (Kalakul et al, 2014).Product reason wellness and durabilityare different variables that impact item plan. This implies the item ought to do the capacity it was intended for. For instance, a cup is produced for the motivations behind taking fluids, for example, tea. Different factors, for example, weight and size ought to be viewed as when structuring products.The weight and size should be sensible so as to play out its proposed reason. Along these lines, while thinking about item wellness, planners ought to set up all the significant components of the item

First knight

Arthur exhibits the vote based route by demonstrating when he settles on choices he goes to the round table to examine them with the kindred residents. How Arthur tells the best way to deal with the individuals who he thinks disrupted the guidelines by holding an open preliminary so everybody can see the law at work and he leaves the people tumble to the law and the individuals of Camelot to choose. Arthur shows the most elevated estimation of the law based route by letting the residents have a state and do things their way and expecting and treating the residents with nobility. . Harmful exhibits the dictator path by demonstrating when he settles on choices he doesn't tune in to the residents and just passes by his promise and nobody else's. Threatening just regards himself and nobody else; he even attempts to seize the Queen. Which is extremely impolite. Dangerous couldn't care less about anybody as long at he is regarded and in control. Being tyrant implies that the pioneer is sel f delegated and doesn't tune in to resident's sentiments and they can't stand in opposition to he pioneers activities, which Malignant plainly shows.That is a model that shows absence of regard for residents and shows the dictator way. Dangerous shows the most noteworthy estimation of the tyrant path by not letting the residents have a state and removing their privileges, likewise by rebuffing honest individuals for others poor activities. 3. Arthur shows rights and duties in the film since Arthur held court and utilized the law to choose the blame or blamelessness of the Queen and Lancelot and if lilts their punishment.He held an open preliminary so every resident can see the law at work. This shows rights and obligations by letting the individuals choose the confidence and having a state, Arthur is permitting the individuals to practice their privileges of feeling. Also he doesn't get voracious or let his outrage defeat him before reporting Lancet's discipline. Additionally he uti lizes the round table with high regard and duty and shows fairness all through and cooperates with everybody to benefit Camelot.

Hospitality Students Perceptions of Sustainability- myassignmenthelp

Question: Examine about theHospitality Students Perceptions of Sustainability. Answer: Presentation Accommodation industry is probably the biggest business on the planet with a worldwide commitment of $7.6 trillion (US) in 2016 having enormous impact on social prosperity being a key supporter of income and occupation generator (Statista, 2016). Anyway attributable to its inclination, it demonstrates to squeeze the environment. Supportability is the thought which accentuates that human action should be aware of its activities to guarantee protection of the environmental equalization and normal assets. Deloitte underlined the significance of supportability as, Rising populaces and progressively rare assets will give a difficult business condition in which maintainability should be inserted inside all features of the business, as opposed to viewed as an independent issue.(Deloitte, 2014, p. 41) This examination intends to research the view of understudies of cordiality and the travel industry, who establish the future laborers of the business and in that unique situation, the nearness of potential sexual orientation based contrasts. The knowledge picked up is relied upon to help instructors with respect to how they should move toward supportability training to ingrain the ideas to the group of people yet to come, guaranteeing that the business could be better prepared in working by remembering the possibility of manageability. Writing Review Bird et al. (2015) gave an account of a longitudinal report focusing on undergrad business understudies comprehension of maintainability in business and featured a propensity of subjects to stay careless in regards to their own ability for demanding change and potential effect they could have in handling ecological and supportability difficulties and hence being reluctant to change ways of life. Reid, Petocz Taylor (2009) tended to a quite certain test that exists as to executing an educational plan which handles maintainability issues in business training courses. They uncovered that while a few understudies of business do have significant profundity of comprehension in regards to manageability and its need, many were guileless and unconscious of the full degree of its suggestions. Some had a restricted comprehension of maintainability as only the demonstration of guaranteeing progression. In spite of the fact that, they found proof of understudies who saw maintainability rehearses as an ethical obligation towards coming ages. Concentrating on existing extent of manageability training, Wiek et al. (2013), assessed the open doors in global instruction on supportability inferring that just one out of seventeen organizations satisfy them. They proceeded to introduce the difficulties introduced by The Global Classroom Experiment, a composite trial educational program intended to satisfy those rules. The investigation uncovered that difficulties exist in levels of organization and workforce who need to create abilities to help control understudies who should be adaptable enough in perspective to contribute also to a fruitful program. Kagawa (2007), led an examination researching impression of college understudies on manageable improvement considering their ways of life, looking at the impact of sexual orientation and their courses being identified with the earth. The examination embraced a measurable way to deal with explore the issue, inferring that sex contrast i n observation was factually noteworthy in spite of the fact that the distinction become immaterial when gathering dependent on courses. The subject under investigation in this paper is the current hole in information on understudies selected cordiality and related courses to be explicit, putting accentuation on speculative sexual orientation contrasts by concentrating how they get maintainability and in this way how scholastics could move toward supportability training for these individuals to guarantee a standard of instruction which incorporates manageability training with the coursework. Dissimilar to Kagawa(2007), the paper utilizes a subjective research configuration to move toward the issue. Research Questions The goals of the examination manages noting the accompanying: How do these future laborers see manageability in setting of the friendliness business? Are there any distinction in the recognition about maintainability between the male and female subjects? Research Methods The exploration depends on a subjective methodology. The information comprise of answers to a lot of ten open-finished inquiries by twelve subjects six of them male and rets female, who are seeking after school courses which are applicable to the friendliness and the travel industry business industry. The particular strategy utilized here follows the rules of grounded hypothesis. The information corpus has been partitioned into two sets, one for male interviewees and the other for females. The inquiries tended to their perspectives about supportability, its job in the accommodation business and their nation of origin. Center hypothetical ideas pertinent to the examination questions are therefore evolved dependent on the reactions. Provisional connections between those ideas are created, trailed by confirmation through re-examination of the information in setting of those ideas and connections (Graue, 2015). This is accomplished through coding procedure which included open coding, pivotal coding and specific coding (Birks Mills, 2015). Open Coding is the act of distinguishing, sorting and indexing ideas inside the printed information which could prompt applicable hypotheses inside the setting of the pertinent point under investigation (Glaser, 2016). Dull or equivalent words which could pave the way to regular topics are noted and reported. The recognized particular topics are then utilized for additional examination (Urquhart, 2016). Hub Coding is the act of relating the recognized classes or subjects to each other with the point of deciding any provisional affiliation or causal relationship from a summed up perspective (Zhang Wildemuth, 2016). Specific Coding is worried about thinking about the distinguished connections in the hub coding step and afterward attempting to decide the center or head classification supporting some hypothesis which tended to the examination question (Smith, 2015). Discoveries and key subjects The essential thought of maintainability was seen as ascribed by the guys utilizing ideas, for example, continuation, reusing, keep up and condition. For instance, member #2, is cited to allude manageability as I might suspect it implies something that can be proceeded (International, 19, #2). Correspondingly, member #7 stated, Something that is perpetual or that can be reused (International, 22, # 7). Notice that such clarifications are very short and obscure. It was seen that they needed cohesiveness in their ideas about what sort of job and how supportability could play in their industry. The accompanying statements delineate the differentiating thoughts that the guys hold. Anything to keep up a reasonable benefit. (Worldwide, 19, #2). Contrasted with his response for what he comprehends as manageability may be, the member is apparently thinking around the lines of business and ignoring the ecological setting of maintainability. Similarly, member #7, appears to in any event have a progressively solid thought of what supportability is as suitable manageability rehearses as evident from his answer, In industry, Solar-vitality can be utilized as a significant wellspring of vitality. Sun based vitality is supportable vitality. (Worldwide, 22, # 7). Member 10 was found to distinguish the idea with keeping up business as opposed to guaranteeing natural maintainability through strategic policies. Identifying with supportability and activities, he stated, The capacity to keep up specific levels for quite a while. I think principally it is assemble and keep up client reliability. (Universal, 25, # 10). Despite the fact that member #16 admitted to not having a generally excellent thought regarding supportability, he uncovered to distinguish manageability rehearses in the business with efficient power vitality. The significance of such works on as per him is expressed as, in any case nursery impact and a worldwide temperature alteration will deteriorate. (Global, 24, #16). Thusly the concentration in spite of the fact that is right from moral viewpoint, it is proposed that he may do not have, the knowledge with respect to the business part of maintainability rehearses in the business. Member #18 showed nitty gritty information about maintainability concerns and furthermore called attention to water and vitality protections as alternatives of manageability practice, anyway he again neglected to appropriately clarify why he felt that supportability is imperative to his industry put something aside for being a socio-natural perfect, saying just, Yes it is significant. The females reactions were seen as progressively elucidating. The essential thought of supportability was seen as ascribed utilizing ideas, for example, condition, long haul, insurance, business and client. Outstanding among the appropriate responses is the accompanying statement, Truly. As individuals become increasingly more earth cognizant, future organizations ought to think about it. Something else, individuals will recall it as a terrible business and step by step quit utilizing it. (Global, 20, #22) Member #22 in this way could effectively distinguish the intrigue of supportability practices to clients and given rising worldwide mindfulness and concern, its incentive as a promoting technique. Her rundown of supportability, stresses it considering that it is so basic to offset natural worries with business activities and in this manner how ecological manageability identifies with financial maintainability of the firm also. plausibility to last and keep up without natural harm. Manageability must be considered for a firm to radian in presence for long. Changes in individuals' recognitions make it understood. (Universal, 20, #22) Member #11 shows comparable getting, saying, If a business is accomplishing something reasonably, it can get more great cmpetitive preferred position than different business. (Worldwide, 23, #11) Member #14, summarizes manageability as, facilitated improvement f financial, social, respurces and envi

Why You Should Get an Essay Sample

Why You Should Get an Essay SampleDo you want to know what essay samples Occidental offers? I'm sure you do. If you are looking for an online writing tutor, you have come to the right place. We are going to cover all aspects of a curriculum vitae, why you might want one, and how you can benefit from it.If you are reading this article, you are likely in school, or at least planning on attending school, in the near future. If so, you will definitely want to write that CV (Curriculum Vitae) - an impressive piece of paper that will serve as your blueprint for life. You'll also want to be sure to keep the information interesting and informative.The best thing about writing an essay is that you have a lot of control over how it looks and feels. That being said, one of the biggest mistakes you can make is to have a sloppily written CV. In other words, there is no point in trying to make your CV look good if you can't even remember what it should look like.The first thing you need to do is s ee if you already have any samples of work you can use. If you're not sure, try reading some articles or participating in some online writing forums. For example, there is a great resource online called College Writing and Evaluation Services, and you can find a forum where people are discussing their own essays and experiences with these resources.You can also consider using some professional samples to get ideas of how they should sound. There are plenty of ways to learn to write a CV, and we've covered one way to do it before. We won't go into details of this process, but if you really want to know, just search for 'CV writing' on Google, and you'll get a ton of options to start with.However, before you write any student essays, you should first check your writing skills. It's not as easy as typing the whole thing out. You might also want to look at what the essay samples Occidental provides you with.We've done that. Some examples are From University - Some Essays For Your Curric ulum Vitae, or for the International Student: Some Essays for the CV. All these resources are going to help you learn about how to write a very important document for you, so I strongly encourage you to check them out.

Analysis Of 1984 By George Orwell - 1163 Words

EXAGGERATING IS UNDERSTATING Have you ever felt like you were being watched? In 1984 by George Orwell this was not just a feeling of the citizens in Oceania, it was their lifestyle. The plot of 1984 is over exaggerated in the sense that the citizens are not allowed to partake in any malpractice because their every move is constantly being watched, this makes 1984 a satire. 1984 is not only a satire but it is a satire of 2016. This is because people in 2016 are pressured into a stereotype, technology is extremely controlling over people’s thoughts, and there is control over the news and history that is portrayed through media. Peer pressure has always been an issue, but in 2016 it is worse than ever. Due to social media many people, especially teens, feel as though they need to fit into a certain stereotype in society. They will do whatever it takes to fit in no matter who they wind up hurting. People feel they need to pretend they are someone that they are not in order to fit in, much like how Winston had to keep his anti-Party thoughts to himself so he would not get vaporized. With Party slogans as outrageous as â€Å"WAR IS PEACE. FREEDOM IS SLAVERY. IGNORANCE IS STRENGTH† it is hard to remain secretive about your inner rebellious notions (Orwell 4). This slogan, along with other ideas, is drilled into the brains of all people of Oceania, which is similar to the ideas in 2016 that are ingrained in us from a young age. Examples of this are being forced into binary genders,Show MoreRelatedAnalysis Of 1984 By George Orwell954 Words   |  4 PagesSophie Moore Mrs. N. Finley E209R3 – 1984 literary analysis 27 January 2015 Symbolism throughout 1984 The novel 1984 is a futuristic totalitarian society where everyone is kept under close surveillance and is forced to follow all rules and laws of the state. The novel 1984 was written by George Orwell and published in 1950. The main characters were Big Brother, Winston Smith, Julia, O’Brien, Syme and Emmanuel Goldstein. Winston Smith is a low man on the totem pole when it came to the ruling PartyRead MoreA Literary Analysis Of 1984 By George Orwell721 Words   |  3 Pages The essay your about to read is a literary analysis of the book â€Å"1984 by George Orwell† it was written in 1948 as a thriller. Winston Smith is the main character of this story followed by two characters â€Å"Julia and O’Brien.† The book starts off with main character Winston being very frustrated with what is called the â€Å"Party† lead by a man named â€Å"Big Brother† hints the saying â€Å"big brother is watching you† from â€Å"George Orwells worst f ear† stated by express.co.uk. the book takes you for a rideRead MoreAnalysis Of George Orwell s 1984848 Words   |  4 PagesCritical Analysis In the George Orwell’s novel 1984, much of the society is watched and have no privacy of any kind. Every person in the Party is under surveillance. In effect, these people cannot live freely and independently, but it seems to be an impossible task because of of the Party surveillance, and how they limit thinking and manipulate reality. We can similarly see these concerns and their effects in today s society and the ways the novel also acts as a warning for the future. In 1984 a manRead MoreAnalysis Of 1984 By George Orwell1578 Words   |  7 Pageseducation, thus he then joined the Asian country Imperial personnel. After five years, he resigned and went back home to become an author and later on became very popular when he wrote and printed the Animal Farm and 1984. Information about the literary period: In 1949, George Orwell wrote his most illustrious story. His book supported the concept of what is going to happen twenty-five years from then. He got this concept from what was happening around him and in the world. Through this year, theRead MoreAnalysis Of 1984 By George Orwell1160 Words   |  5 Pages1984 by George Orwell is set in a dystopian future ruled by a terrifying totalitarian government that’s known to make people disappear overnight. This government uses the kids to spy on their parents, has overarching figures that closely resemble real life people and uses large amounts of surveillance to keep the people in check. Many parallels van be drawn to real life people and situations. The fact that parallels can be drawn doesn’t necessarily mean that we’re living in the same world the peopleRead MoreAnalysis Of 1984 By George Orwell1022 Words   |  5 PagesPeople of Oceania 1984 was written by a British writer and journalist, George Orwell. Orwell created the novel, based off of the main protagonist, Winston, who tries to overcome the malicious obstacles of the politcal regime, is faced with judgements and mistreatments from the Party. One need only to apply the epithet of Big Brother to a government or organization in order to conjure up the nightmarish oppression so vividly portrayed in Orwells most famous novel. 1984 depicts a fictional societyRead MoreAnalysis Of The Novel 1984 By George Orwell1205 Words   |  5 PagesThis phenomenon is evident in George Orwell’s novel, 1984 in which the protagonist, Winston possesses critical features of a rebel. The rebellious personality of Winston is first introduced to the reader through his thoughtcrime’s. This trait is also distinctly seen through the doubts he has towards the governing party. Finally, the characteristic of rebellion is also successfully shown through Winston’s desir e for happiness. It is evident that through the novel 1984, Winston is a rebellious characterRead MoreA Summary and Analysis of 1984 by George Orwell1223 Words   |  5 PagesBOOK REPORT Name of the Book – 1984 Author – George Orwell This book starts in London on April fourth, 1984. The book is written in partly third person, and partly in first person. The book is divided into three distinct parts. The first part is showing you the main character, Winston Smith and his differences and frustration with the world he works and lives in. The country or the â€Å"Super state† he lives in called Oceania is run under a government called INGSOC (English Socialism). The leadersRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book 1984 By George Orwell1362 Words   |  6 PagesKathie Tejada Professor Antonio Tomà ¡s Guerrero Dà ­az COLI 214B 1984 This novel, 1984, is a dystopia and takes place in Oceania where people live in a totalitarian society. The author, George Orwell, wrote this as if he was looking into the future and what it was going to turn in to. This group of people, called The Party, have control over everything and everyone, and they have a leader, known as Big Brother, who is everywhere throughout the novel and the people look up to him. They invented a languageRead MoreAnalysis Of George Orwell s 19841423 Words   |  6 PagesIn the novel 1984 by George Orwell, the Party has many strategies and tactics that help them have complete control of the people of Oceania. The control the Party has maintained gives them the ability to manipulate people as a result. The Party takes away the people’s freedom to have a say in their government and become their own person. They use their power to an extreme against the people rather than to help the people. The Party takes advantage of every opportunity to instill fear in the citizens

The Meaning of the Truman Show - 1550 Words

In the last few years, America has undergone a significant cultural change. Previously, almost no criticism of the media reached the public, except for some of the complaints of business interests and conservatives. The media controlled the means of communication and it used that power to censor virtually all discussion of its own role in shaping events But now -- at last -- we are starting to get some public debate over the way the media manipulates public opinion and routinely creates fictions that masquerade as facts. The change has taken place in large measure because the media itself has become so powerful and so out of control, there is no longer any way for it to keep what it is doing under wraps. Ironically, one of the†¦show more content†¦What gives this metaphor life is the way the movie depicts two attitudes we routinely take toward media. In one, we are absorbed by it; we accept its rendition of reality because it occupies our view. We are like children whose parents define their world. The lifelikeness and seamlessness of media fabrications and the fact that they are entertaining, help induce this attitude in us. We frequently experience it while reading news stories and watching television and movies. In the second attitude, we distance ourselves from media. We examine its meaning and try to understand the intentions of its authors. This second attitude is what makes criticism -- and freedom -- possible. In life, we frequently switch from one attitude to another and mix them together. In watching television, we may easily become absorbed in the program. Then something will jar us out of our spell, such as a breakdown in the illusion or the expression of ideas we disagree with. As a result, we will suddenly distance ourselves from what we are watching, and perhaps ridicule it or suspect the intentions of its creators. The critics of media have been trying to get us to cultivate this second attitude, so we will see through the falsehood we are offered on a daily basis. The movie depicts just such a change in attitude as a transformation in the way Truman seesShow MoreRelatedMovie Analysis : The Truman Show1543 Words   |  7 PagesOn June 5th, 1998, The Truman Show was released to critical acclaim. Starring Jim Carrey in an uncharacteristic dramatic role, the movie blew past its budget at the box office earning over 264 million dollars (Movie Index, A-Z). Less than a year later on march 26, 1999, an identical movie with a similar plot premiered. Edtv performed poorly at the box office despite its star studded cast, making almost 50 million under budget (Movie Index, A-Z). The crew included popular dramatic actors includingRead MoreThe Cinematic Features Displayed in Pleasantville and The Truman Show1733 Words   |  7 PagesThe Cinematic Features Displayed in Pleasantville and The Truman Show The following essay, which I have composed, is based on two important films of the last decade. Their titles are Pleasantville and The Truman Show. Starting with the Pleasantville, the general overview of the films plot gets more complicated the further you get into it. It brings up several issues all of which I have commented on in this essay. The film starts with two teenagers, David andRead MoreRhetorical Analysis of The Truman Show1521 Words   |  7 Pagesin the film The Truman Show. It is important for a viewer to fully understand the underlying messages and subtle undertones in between the lines, so to speak. The Truman Show is one man’s life being played out in a closed environment for the entertainment of the outside world. Most important to note, Truman Burbank has no clue that his whole life has been little more than just a television program produced on a grand scale to produce the image of reality in a dome. The Truman Show blends ethos, logosRead MoreFahrenheit 451 As A Dystopian Society1181 Words   |  5 Pagesthe help of books. The main character in The Truman show, Truman Burbank, lives in an imaginary dystopian society in a dome where he is placed to live under surveillance on a television show without his awareness. Inside the dome, Truman is given what seems to be the perfect life. Truman lives next to the beach, has a wife, and a secure office job. In Truman’s society, everyone he knows is an actor pretending to be various roles in his life. Truman has little say in what he does, as he is influencedRead MoreAnimal Farm Vs Animal Farm Essay1319 Words   |  6 PagesIn the novel the Animal Farm and in the film The Truman show, both authors try to paint a picture of what utopia and a good life demonstrates through these two texts. If a good life is wanted then the animals need to work together to achieve their goal and truman needs to find out what is the real truth for him. The Truman Show and Animal Farm both try to convey what utopia would look like in our world by showing a false sense of what the world seems to be. Power and control is a huge theme in theRead MoreThe Cold War Was A State Of Political And Military Conflict1547 Words   |  7 Pages various different strategies and foreign policies were tried and tested by US presidents. However, the en vironment in which these policies operated in did not stay consistent. Correspondingly, the Soviet Union’s potency fluctuated consistently, meaning that during some periods the â€Å"Red Scare† was not nearly as threatening as others. The ever-changing state of affairs throughout the Cold War was spawned from a number of reasons, including both the belligerency of what was then the current SovietRead MoreBrave New World by Aldous Huxley1093 Words   |  4 Pagesproduction The Truman Show by Peter Weir and Aldous Huxley’s novel Brave New World. In each media, the society depicted seemed outwardly perfect, and the citizens were content. The individuals remained content through complete government control. With every society’s strength is a weakness, interestingly enough, the Achilles’ heel of both perfect societies is totalitarianism and social conditioning. The fact of the matter is that not everyone will be the standard. The Truman Show is a 24/7 recordingRead MoreSimilarities Between The Truman Show And Animal Farm1219 Words   |  5 PagesGeorge Orwell) and ‘The Truman Show’ (directed by Peter Weir), the author and director explore these themes. Power and control, the good life, utopia. These three themes are key to living the full life. To have a utopia you must have a good life and to have a good life you must have your own power and your own control. One cannot have good life if there is no freedom involved in that life. If they do not have the option to choose their life will not be ‘good’. In ‘The Truman Show’, Peter Weir, portraysRead MoreTruman Show: Ethical or Unethical? Essay1547 Words   |  7 Pageswhat if this perfect life was a lie and the story of your life was actually a TV show? That is the life of Truman Burbank, who was born and raised on a set his entire life without any knowledge of it. So the question is asked: is Trumans lifestyle an abuse of human rights? Two characters arise to form two sides of the argument. Christof is the creator/producer/director of The Truman Show and has watched over Truman since before he was born. Christof believes that his actions are justified throughRead MoreEmily Dickinsons Tell All the Truth but Tell It Slant Explication 944 Words   |  4 Pagesbe painful. Finally, the last line of this stanza, â€Å"The Truth’s superb surprise† (1 .4), personifies the truth as having the ability to give a surprise. A surprise is something unexpected and at times shocking. Dickinson, through this comparison, shows that the truth is able to have a shocking or surprising effect if it is completely told at one time. The second stanza continues with this overlying theme of how one must go about telling the truth. It starts off with the simile, â€Å"As Lightning to

Pakistan Essay Example For Students

Pakistan Essay A Portrait of the Death of an EconomyMy topic deals with Pakistan, its relationship with the IMF and World Bank, and its internal problems that are causing unemployment, poverty, economic crisis and hunger. I shall be analyzing the situation using the neo-classical theory, as it is what the economists of the Pakistan government and the IMF are using to alleviate the economic instability of the country. Situated in the sub-continent, Pakistan is a low-income country, with great promise for growth. Unfortunately, it is held back from reaching middle-income status by chronic problems like a rapidly growing population, sizable government deficits, a heavy dependence on foreign aid, recurrent governmental instability and large military expenditures. It is to address these fundamental faults in Pakistans economy that the IMF has initiated the Structural Adjustment Programs (SAPs) in the country. This is discussed in further detail later in the paper. Like all developing countries, Pakistans population is largely employed in the agricultural sector, which accounts for about 48 percent of the labor force. In todays world the Industrial and Service sectors are the largest growing areas of a developed countys economy. Yet Pakistan only employs 39 percent of its population in Service, and a minute 13 percent in Industry. This is a paltry figure, compared to the employment statistics of a developed country. Pakistan is also heavily dependent on a single export crop, cotton. Hence the countrys fortunes rise and fall with the cotton market. It is no wonder that there are so many poverty stricken people in Pakistan. When almost half the population is involved in a very volatile market, a lot of the time, a lot of people will be burnt by price fluctuations. The country is also subject to the mercy of the weather. Focussing on a major cash crop means very little diversification. This translates to mass hunger and hard times for the agricultural sector whenever the agrarian lands are ravaged by floods, or conversely, by droughts. Even more importantly, Pakistans agricultural sector is marked by large landowners, controlling most of the production. Hence, only a minimal amount of the profit from exports goes to the poor people working for the large farmers. It is these people who constitute a large portion of Pakistans population. It is also these people who are living in abject poverty in the rural regions of the country, devoid of the right to feed their families. This is a great illustration of a theme discussed in World Hunger, Twelve Myths. Lappe, Collins, Rosset and Esparza discuss the commonly believed myths about why hunger and poverty exist. In it they clarify this very important point: hunger does not exist due to a shortage of available food, but because of fear and powerlessness, resulting in the anguish, grief and humiliation felt by the hungry and poverty stricken. Pakistan is a classic example of this theory. Based on a feudal system, especially in agriculture, Pakistani society is primarily controlled by feudal overlords, (a.k.a. the politicians or relatives of politicians), who own or oversee most of the agrarian land and industrial base. Being above the law, due to their political influence, these corrupt people can literally get away with murder. Thus, keeping their laborers subdued and underpaid is no hard task. Anyone who dares to complain is used as an example for potential future unrest. As a result, the people in their elakhas, (controlled lands), remain destitute in the throes of poverty, unable to help themselves due to their lack of power and the fear of the thekedars, (large landowners). By a lack of power, I refer not to a dearth of physical prowess but to a scarcity of basic human rights. These are the same rights that people in developed countries take for granted. The right to vote for whomever one feels like is missing. Instead a lot of villagers are forced to vote for the local land owner due to a combination of fear and ignorance; a fear of the repercussions of a potential loss by the feudal lord and the ignorance of any means to escape this same overlords wrath. Very often there is also no choice of candidates. There are very few people willing to risk their own and their families safety by running against their subjugators. All this goes against the very nature of the free market economy that Pakistan is supposed to be running. While the IMF and World Bank are using Neo Classical theory to address the nations problems in the capital, half the country is still being run under the feudal system. Till this system is broken, and the immense lower classes are empowered there is not a dent that can be made in the countrys poverty and hunger issues. Rather the problem will continue to grow right under the economists noses. Pakistan is also set back by ethnic problems, having numerous groups including Punjabis, Pakhtoons, Sindhis, Balochis and Mujahirs. Speaking different languages, the different ethnic groups do not get along very well as is witnessed by the numerous clashes between Sindhis and Mujahirs in the violence torn city of Karachi. The language barrier also translates to a lack of mobility of labor, which is a key to economic success under neo-classical theory. Hence the large sparsely populated province of Balochistan is presently under utilized. Due to a lack of available labor, industries are tough to set up. If the language/ethnic barrier could be overcome, the rich lands of Balochistan could potentially become the saviors of Pakistans economy. Pakistan also has a very week industrial base. Being an ex British colony it suffers from a similar problem to the one ailing a number of the African and South American countries. This issue is that the colonists never bothered building up the neces sary base for industrialization. While the rest of the world was busy building this base, greedy colonists who did not care about the country and thus paid no attention to its development were exploiting countries like Pakistan. Hence Pakistan is permanently playing catch up to the rest of the developed world leaving very little money for social services to help the situation of the poor. The literacy rate in Pakistan is also very low. In 1992, the official literacy rate for the adult population was said to be a low 36 percent. Even more dismal was the statistic that listed 45 women being educated for every man. With this dearth of qualified personnel, there is no room for economic growth as there are no new minds to head the growth. Women are also the primary food producers in Pakistan. If they are not being educated, it means that they are not up to date on the latest production techniques, which in turn translates to inefficiency and the aforementioned ignorance. Once again it all ties into the powerlessness that marks the hunger and poverty-stricken. Women represent 54 percent of Pakistans population. If they are not allowed to exercise their rights to an education and to vote, how can the country be expected to progress? It is like asking a man with one leg to run. Like other third world countries, in Pakistan, substandard housing, inadequate sanitation and water supply, and widespread malnutrition contribute to spread of disease and to high infant, childhood, and maternal mortality. The leading causes of death are gastroenteritis, respiratory infections, congenital abnormalities, tuberculosis, malaria, and typhoid fever, all preventable diseases. Unfortunately the poor, uneducated lower classes are not given enough attention by the corrupt officials running the country, which is resulting in their situation deteriorating year by year. These, along with other economic and social issues are causing immense hunger and poverty in Pakistan. Presently Pakistan is passing through an unprecedented economic crisis, made worse by the global recession. The turmoil in domestic markets and the imbalance between resources and liabilities threatens to roll back the modest levels of economic development and industrialization that Pakistan has achieved so far. Had it not been for a reasonably strong agricultural base, the situation would be much worse. This situation has been caused by a mixture of issues, including the near sightedness of politicians and their persistence in following politically popular, but economically disastrous policies. An example of this is the detonation of a nuclear bomb a year ago. Simply to show off to India and the rest of the world, as well as to raise their local popularity, the Pakistani government decided to go ahead with an unnecessary test that brought economic sanctions against them and also co st them a lot of their aid from western countries. However, much more important have been the structural reasons underlying this deterioration, all of which have been contributing to the growing feeling of desperation the hungry and poverty stricken have been experiencing. Before this paper begins finding solutions to the problems at hand, we need to remind ourselves of the key issues. 1) One major problem that Pakistan needs to deal with is the fact that its expenses are far more than its revenues. Partly due to decades of lax fiscal management, but more because of myopic policies in its external relations, the militaristic structure of the state and the narrow vision of its rapist elite, Pakistan is Rs 100 billion short of the money to simply keep its existing machinery operational. How is a third world country supposed to develop an infrastructure when it is spending more than its net revenues on only two items, debt servicing and defense? In fact, Rs 18 billion of its defense has to be financed to borrowing. The Pakistani government has not been governing; it has simply been acting as a debt-securing agency. 2) Lately the government has been touting the fact that it has achieved the IMF imposed budget defect target. What it neglects to mention that it achieved the target through questionable means. Firstly, it drastically reduced its developmental expenditure f rom 7.5 per cent of GDP in the early 90s to a paltry 3 per cent, which translates to a cutback of 140 billion in present prices. A cutback of expenditure of such extent in the governments purchases of private sector goods like cement, pipes and cables and services like engineering explains why a number of private sub-sectors are at the point of closing down, operating at a vastly reduced capacity. This is adding to the issues of hunger, poverty and unemployment being faced in Pakistan. The government has also reduced the amount it givers to the provinces by Rs 30 billion, transferring some of its debt to the provincial governments. In other words the government has done nothing to resolve the issue of structural defect. 3) Whats worse is that not only has developmental expenditure been sharply curtailed, but that the scarce resources set aside for infrastructure works have been diverted to less productive investments_like the new motorway and the new Lahore airport. This massive reduction of the public sectors developmental activities is causing a contraction in employment opportunities for Pakistans growing number of middle class educated youth. This is particularly serious in the areas where the private sector is unlikely to locate due to the lack of infrastructure. Thus the really poor areas continue to live in poverty due to the governments inability to provide adequate physical and social infrastructure or create an environment for private sector investment. It has also not been able to maintain law and order and is guilty of not living up to its contractual obligations which is further discouraging foreign and domestic investment in the country. The treatment of its foreign currency account ho lders and IPPs last year illustrates this point. 4) Pakistan suffers from the typical problems that all third world countries suffer. One of these is massive corruption at all levels, estimated at Rs 100 billion a year. This means that a large portion of national wealth has been stolen from the poor. No wonder, the country is unable to lift itself out of the quagmire of poverty and hunger. 5) Tax evasion is another issue that the government needs to address. Successive governments have failed to establish a tax culture due to an inequitable structure, which taxes different sources differently. An example of this is provided by the large farmers who, despite now getting higher international prices for their crop, are unwilling to pay the modest levels of provincial taxes. The political leadership itself does not pay its taxes diligently. Thus, unless companies owned by sitting ministers install invoice based systems for tax accounting, it will continue to be difficult to enforce retail taxes. Also, the repeated bowing down of the government to shutter-down threats of traders and the repeated refusal of large land-owners to meet their tax obligations is increasing the burden of taxes on the helpless poor, the organized sectors, and the honest people foolish enough to pay their taxes. If the rich are not willing to meet their responsibilities, how are the poor supposed to survive?6) There is the additional problem of a gap of between 5 an 6 per cent of GDP per year between domestic national savings and investments which translates to approximately Rs 150 billion being financed from external borrowing. This further adds to the crippling debt that is allowing the IMF and World Bank to interfere in the formulation of domestic economic policies. A Lesson Before Dying EssayDue to the high levels of public debt and its effects on the budget, the government is to adopt a debt management policy to reduce the debt and debt-service ratios. The banking reform program has already started to stem the losses from the politically motivated lending and subsequent operating losses. The efficiency of the banking sector has been improved through a change in management and by reducing overstaffing and the excessive numbers of branches. Regulations and financial disclosure standards have been brought to international levels to increase transparency. The central banks autonomy, especially in monetary policy and banking supervision, has also been strengthened through the amendment of the law. This is to lead to the privatization of the rest of the government controlled banks over the next two years. Reform in the Foreign exchange market Pakistan is to increase the role of market forces in the process of determining the exchange rate by developing the spot and forward markets, and by eventually having a freely floating exchange rate. Plans have been made to remove the remaining restrictions on exports and imports and to further lower import tariffs. The elimination of import bans on textile products is expected to be agreed upon during negotiations between Pakistan and its main trading partners. Only tariffs applying to automobile imports will remain for balance of payments reasons. The focus of the tax reform program is to achieve larger revenues from tax collection, while promoting a more equitable distribution of the tax burden and greater documentation of the economy. To achieve this, the tax base is to be broadened by including previously untaxed income and under taxed sectors, and tax administration improved in order to provide scope for a lowering of statutory tax rates. A comprehensive review of the income tax system is also to be completed soon, and the recommendations from the review are to be implemented in the 1999/2000 fiscal year. Expenditure and civil service reform Improvements in expenditure policy are to concentrate on maximizing its effectiveness and developmental impact. To achieve this the government is to reduce spending on lower-priority activities by reducing the public investment program, lower spending on personnel, allocate resources toward high-priority and essential operating and maintenance expenditures, provide adequate money for basic social services which are part of the SAPs, and improve the planning and monitoring of budgetary expenditures. Pakistan is currently at the brink of complete collapse. It has got to the point where the army has stepped in and declared martial law and the people are happy about it! This shows how desperate the situation is. For many of the poor and starving, martial law represents their last hope as everyone including their government and international financial institutions has betrayed their trust. The question arises as to what the military can do to alleviate the problems and stem the collapse. The following are some suggestions:a) Until now taxation structure has been a dependent on import related taxes and excise duties. Along with sales and income taxes for mobilizing revenues no matter how poor the enforcement, the speed of imposed tariff reform program effects the capacity of the taxation structure to raise adequate resources to meet operational expenditures. The slowdown of industrial activity has also weighed greatly on this factor. Therefore there is a great need to place a structure which taxes incomes of all sources equally. b) Contrary to popular belief high rates of return on government issued instruments do not necessarily increase savings rates. They, instead, influence the switch from one instrument to the next. This encourages an outflow of capitol. A more practical proposition for decreasing the deficit would be for the government to lower yields on its securities and saving schemes. Taxation should also be brought up to date and been adjusted to levy new issues rather that old. c)To assist industries interest rates will have to be cut further in order for these operations to breathe. d) The industry should weed out the units that do not operate up to a certain efficiency standard so as to allow the inflow of cash to competent units. Ceasing to provide revival packages to dying industries as Pakistan has being doing for the last decade can do this. They need to let the free market take its course and eliminate non-competitive firms. e) The rupee is substantially overvalued and must be allowed to float so as to allow exports to sell fairly in international markets and to make foreign products less competitive in local markets. In turn, a revamping of the monetary system to correctly assess drawback claims would greatly improve the financial situation. f) There is one government servant for every thirty-five Pakistanis. Therefore the government needs to right-size itself so as to improve its efficiency and cut back on expenditure on benefits. The multiple layers of required processing shake the present effectiveness of policy. A smaller, more efficient government would mean that policies would not hit the streets after the fact. g) A problem far greater than corruption is the lack of competence in public sector enterprises. There is a need for more specialists in key departmental positions instead of the present use of generalists to man key positions. h) Pakistan currently spends more than twice as much as India and Sri Lanka do per student at the primary and secondary levels. Hence there is a need to restructure the social aspect of the public sector through decentralization, so as to bring about greater efficiency. I) After the acquisition of nuclear weaponry, Pakistan needs to review its defense spending and the size of its army. There is no real need to be spending more than the size of the budget on a defense that could, most probably, never be required. k) It also needs to establish independent institutions to conduct a thorough accountability for the governments actions so as to dissuade corrupt officials from stealing, evading taxes and mistreating the poor people living and working on their land. l) The quality of political leadership also needs to be improved. Decreasing the incentives of holding a seat in senate or assembly can do this. For example, the discretionary power to give tax breaks could be taken away. The economy could be further decontrolled and privatized. The income tax forms for those in office and heir immediate family should be made public for their time in office so as to control corruption. In this way the politicians and their relatives, who control a lot of the agricultural and industrial sectors, would have a harder time evading taxes and mistreating their labor. m) The government also needs to stop focussing on debt servicing which is obviously impossible at this point, and start focussing on getting the debt either absolved or completely restructured with equitable interest rates. Money saved from the reduction of the annual spending on debt servicing could then be used for financing re-prioritized infrastructure related developmental programs. Primarily focussing on deprived areas, particularly in the smaller provinces, and for financing human development programs and social safety nets for the less privileged segments of the population, the country could provide its present lower class with an option that they have not had before. This is the option to improve their lot through hard work and with the opportunity to break free of the controlling feudal system. After all, capital is not such a major constraint if there is an educated labor force that can deploy the existing capital productively. The major setback to growth is the lack of human capital that can absorb technology and the experiences of other countries to leapfrog a number of developmental stages Which is what Pakistan needs to do to undo the damage done by the colonists. It is people that make the biggest difference, not the capital hat they are using, since assets are just a means to an end. On the other hand, expanding good-quality education can create islands of skill wherein important skills in various key disciplines can be developed so as to push up the growth rate. To support this, I believe that all investments in, and incomes from education should be exempt from taxation. Furthermore, money saved from debt-servicing could be used for public sector investments in agriculture to enhance yields per acre in essential food production, thereby placing a constraint on the d rain of foreign exchange being used to purchase imports of agricultural commodities like wheat and edible oils. This would make these vital food products cheaper and more accessible to the poorer citizens going some way to reducing hunger. As wheat and ghee, (a local edible oil), are major mainstays of the local diet, they should be made completely tax-free and subsidized, so as to further cheapen their prices. I feel that this would go along way towards lightening the burden on the poor. Investments in agriculture are also critical as it continues to be the mainstay of the economy and provides a livelihood for a large majority of the population. It can also play a strong role in supporting small-scale industry and in checking rural-urban migration. If the military decides to impose these policies, or policies similar to these, Pakistan may have a hope of avoiding what appears to be an inevitable crash of its economy. The situation of the poor and under privileged could also be alleviated eventually as long as the government decides to start spending money on developing an infrastructure that can help feed the hungry by providing them with jobs. Nevertheless, there are no easy options left. Only the painful ones remain. It is, however, important that the pain of reform be distributed equitably, and not born largely by the poorer classes, as is very often the case. There are tough times ahead. Unfortunately, there is little evidence that the Pakistani ruling elite is a ware of the gravity of the situation; or that it has what it will take to steer the country out of its mess. Bibliography:

World War I Analysis Essay Example For Students

World War I Analysis Essay During World War One, the role of airplanes and how theywere used changed greatly. At first planes were only usedfor sport, but people started realize that not only couldairplanes be useful but they could even influence an outcomeof the war greatly. Soon the war was filled with blimps,planes, and tethered balloons. By the end of the war, planesbecame a symbol of fear, but they were not always treatedwith such respect. In the time leading up to the war, thegeneral feeling about planes was, they were a sneaky, unfairtactic that should not be used in warfare. During The 1899Hague Peace Conference it was put on record that thedropping or shooting of any projectiles or explosives fromthe air during a time of war was forbidden and wasconsidered a crime of war. It was also decided that airplanescould only be used for reconnaissance or spying missions. We will write a custom essay on World War I Analysis specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now (Villard-227) The airplane may be all very well for sport,but for the army it is useless (Quoted in Villard-227) Evenby the beginning of the war in 1912, the use of planes in warwas still prohibited by the War Office. Shortly thereafter thischanged, people awakened to the possibilities of air warfare. The world soon started to realize the effectiveness of planesin war and how the control of the skies could influence theoutcome. Although the French were the first to have aworking, conscripting air force and to license fliers, their trustin airplanes still was not up to par. Their lack of trust wasjustified, for the planes had no armaments, too many wires,and no reliable motor. (Villard-228) Soon all countries in thewar effort had their own little air force, built hangers, andstarted to train pilots. The first bombing occurred inNovember 1911. Although the first bomb was dropped bythe Italians, soon all countries were involved in bombingraids. (Villard-229) It was followed by the first aerialdogfight in 1912. This consisted of a primitive exchange ofpistol fire between British and German planes . (Harvey-95)The first flying experience for the United States occurred in1862, during the Civil War. General McClellan went intobattle against the South with a balloon corps floated byhydrog en and pulled by four horses. (Saga-51) Literaryfiction started to breed ideas about the use of planes inwarfare. The most famous writer to explore the idea wasH.G. Wells. He wrote The War In The Air, a book aboutthe future in which battle is conducted with planes. (Wohl-70). In Germany, literary fiction preceded the actualdevelopment of warfare in the air. Rudolph Martin was awriter who predicted that the Germans future was not onthe sea, but in the air. He also believed that furtherdevelopment in aviation would kill the importance of distanceand help to lead toward the German unification of the world. (Wohl-81) Martins novel helped to prepare the Germansfor their use of planes in the war. The fiction soon becamescientific fact. (Wohl-71) The United States, ultimately wasslower than France and Germany to develop an air force. On March 3, 1911, Congress appropriated $125,000 tostart an air force, which consisted of five planes. The firstsquadron was organized by the Americans on March 5,1913, in Texas City. It consisted of nine planes. Althoughthe United States entered the war in 1917, it did not useplanes in the war at that time. (Villard-231) U.S. pilots hadlittle or no experience in cross-country navigation. Theydid not have good maps and sometimes they became lost,ran out of fuel and would have to land behind enemy lines. .u64002c1323aba8fba101cafb691b33be , .u64002c1323aba8fba101cafb691b33be .postImageUrl , .u64002c1323aba8fba101cafb691b33be .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u64002c1323aba8fba101cafb691b33be , .u64002c1323aba8fba101cafb691b33be:hover , .u64002c1323aba8fba101cafb691b33be:visited , .u64002c1323aba8fba101cafb691b33be:active { border:0!important; } .u64002c1323aba8fba101cafb691b33be .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u64002c1323aba8fba101cafb691b33be { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u64002c1323aba8fba101cafb691b33be:active , .u64002c1323aba8fba101cafb691b33be:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u64002c1323aba8fba101cafb691b33be .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u64002c1323aba8fba101cafb691b33be .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u64002c1323aba8fba101cafb691b33be .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u64002c1323aba8fba101cafb691b33be .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u64002c1323aba8fba101cafb691b33be:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u64002c1323aba8fba101cafb691b33be .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u64002c1323aba8fba101cafb691b33be .u64002c1323aba8fba101cafb691b33be-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u64002c1323aba8fba101cafb691b33be:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Healthier being a meat-eater or a vegetarian Essay(Villard-233) As the Americans advanced in the use ofplanes in warfare, so did the Germans. Initially, the Germansmade no effort to hide their skepticism about the use ofplanes in warfare. In the beginning of the war, manyGermans raised in newspaper articles and on governmentcommittees the possibilities of warfare in the air, but thecountry as a whole was not quick to initiate the effort. (Wohl-70) This quickly changed, however, because thedevelopment of airplanes during the war was mostly creditedto the Germans. The Germans came out with advances inplanes that outdid anything that France had to offer. Eventhough France had the largest air force in the world, theysoon became second-best. No matter how hard the othercountries tried, the Germans were always one step ahead inairplane advances. These advances were so great that eventhough the Germans were outnumbered eight to one, theystill came out on top. For instance, the mounting of amachine gun behind the propellers seemed like suicide, butthe Germans came up with the idea of a timed switch thatwould allow the gun to fire in-between rotations. This madeit easier to aim and fly at the same time. Roland Garros, anallied flier, who mounted a gun in the cockpit and putprotective plates on his propellers was trying to match theGerman timed device, but it was a faulty, unsafe rip-off . (Harvey-95) Another advancement used by the Germanswas the introduction of luminous paint so that pilot would notfly into each other or shoot each other during night raids. (Duke-130) The allied countries tried many times toduplicate this and many other German inventions, but failedeach time. The Germans started putting up hangers anddomes around its boarders. They introduced more andmore types of planes. As the war went on, Germanyintroduced the BI-planes and Tri-planes which made the useof one winged planes obsolete. The more wings, the moremobility, stability, and speed the plane had. The mobilitymade it easier to evade gun fire or to maneuver better indogfights. The stability made these new planes handle betterin turbulence, and in reconnaissance missions the speed wasmost important for escaping the enemy. These new Germanplanes dominated the skies and made lumber of the alliesflaming coffins (old mono-planes) The BI-plane wasconsidered to be the best all-around plane. It was thefavorite of the German Flying Ace, Manfred von Richthofen,better known as the Red Baron The Red Baron was thebest pilot in the war, and was credited with shooting down80 all ied planes. He was equally respected by both sides,and when he was shot down, his enemies held a service forhim to show how much respect they had. This show ofchivalry was not uncommon, for in the beginning of the war,it was tradition to throw down a wreath if an enemy planewas shot down, to show respect and honor. However whenbombing was introduced, the feeling about planes turnedfrom noble flying knights into fear, death from above. Theevolution of aircraft during World War One was profoundand unmatched by any other advancements in any other fieldat the time. From Reconnaissance to bombing, the use ofairplanes in the war became a necessity and by the end ofthe war airplanes and pilots had earned the respect theydeserved. Todays warfare relies heavily on the use ofaircraft, not only for destruction and transportation of troopsand supplies, but also for its initial use of reconnaissance. History

Battle of Ezra Church in the Civil War

Battle of Ezra Church in the Civil War Battle of Ezra Church - Conflict Date: The Battle of Ezra Church was fought July 28, 1864, during the American Civil War (1861-1865). Armies Commanders Union Major General William T. ShermanMajor General Oliver O. Howard13,266 men Confederate Lieutenant General John Bell Hood18,450 men Battle of Ezra Church - Background: Late July 1864 found Major General William T. Shermans forces advancing on Atlanta in pursuit of General Joseph E. Johnstons Army of Tennessee. Reviewing the situation, Sherman decided to push Major General George H. Thomas Army of the Cumberland over the Chattahoochee River with the goal of pinning Johnston in place. This would permit Major General James B. McPhersons Army of the Tennessee and Major General John Schofields Army of the Ohio to shift east to Decatur where they could cut the Georgia Railroad. This done, the combined force would advance on Atlanta. Having fallen back through much of northern Georgia, Johnston had earned the ire of Confederate President Jefferson Davis. Worried about his generals willingness to fight, he sent his military advisor, General Braxton Bragg, to Georgia to assess the situation. Reaching Atlanta on July 13, Bragg commenced sending a number of discouraging reports north to Richmond. Three days later, Davis directed Johnston to send him details regarding his plans for defending the city. Displeased with the generals noncommittal response, Davis decided to relieve him and replace him with the offensively-minded Lieutenant General John Bell Hood. As orders for Johnstons relief were sent south, Shermans troops began crossing the Chattahoochee. Anticipating that Union forces would attempt to cross Peachtree Creek north of the city, Johnston drew up plans for a counterattack. Learning of the command change on the night of July 17, Hood and Johnston telegraphed Davis and asked that it be delayed until after the coming battle. This request was refused and Hood assumed command. Battle of Ezra Church - Fighting for Atlanta: Attacking on July 20, Hoods forces were turned back by Thomas Army of the Cumberland at the Battle of Peachtree Creek. Unwilling to surrender the initiative, he directed Lieutenant General Alexander P. Stewarts corps to hold the lines north of Atlanta while Lieutenant General William Hardees corps and Major General Joseph Wheelers cavalry moved south and east with the goal of turning McPhersons left flank. Striking on July 22, Hood was defeated at the Battle of Atlanta though McPherson fell in the fighting. Left with a command vacancy, Sherman promoted Major General Oliver O. Howard, then leading IV Corps, to head the Army of the Tennessee. This move infuriated the commander of XX Corps, Major General Joseph Hooker, who blamed Howard for his defeat the previous year at Chancellorsville when the two were with the Army of the Potomac. As a result, Hooker asked to be relieved and returned north. Battle of Ezra Church - Shermans Plan: In an effort to compel the Confederates to abandon Atlanta, Sherman devised a plan that called for Howards Army of the Tennessee to shift west from their position east of the city to cut the railroad from Macon. A critical supply line for Hood, its loss would force him to abandon the city. Moving out on July 27, the Army of the Tennessee began their march west. Though Sherman made efforts to conceal Howards intentions, Hood was able to discern the Union objective. As a result, he directed Lieutenant General Stephen D. Lee to take two divisions out the Lick Skillet road to block Howards advance. To support Lee, Stewarts corps was to swing west to strike Howard from the rear. Moving down the west side of Atlanta, Howard took a cautious approach despite assurances from Sherman that the enemy would not oppose the march (Map). Battle of Ezra Church - A Bloody Repulse: A classmate of Hoods at West Point, Howard expected the aggressive Hood to attack. As such, he halted on July 28 and his men quickly erected makeshift breastworks using logs, fence rails, and other available material. Pushing out from the city, the impulsive Lee decided not to assume a defensive position along the Lick Skillet road and instead elected to assault the new Union position near Ezra Church. Shaped like a reverse L, the main Union line extended north with a short line running west. This area, along with the angle and part of the line running north, was held by Major General John Logans veteran XV Corps. Deploying his men, Lee directed Major General John C. Browns division to attack north against the east-west portion of the Union line. Advancing, Browns men came under intense fire from the divisions of Brigadier Generals Morgan Smith and William Harrow. Taking immense losses, the remnants of Browns division fell back. Undeterred, Lee sent Major General Henry D. Claytons division forward just north of the angle in the Union line. Encountering heavy resistance from Brigadier General Charles Woods division, they were forced to fall back. Having wrecked his two divisions against the enemys defenses, Lee soon was reinforced by Stewart. Borrowing Major General Edward Walthalls division from Stewart, Lee sent it forward against the angle with similar results. In the fighting, Stewart was wounded. Recognizing that success was unobtainable, Lee fell back and ended the battle. Battle of Ezra Church - Aftermath: In the fighting at Ezra Church, Howard lost 562 killed and wounded while Lee suffered around 3,000. Though a tactical defeat for the Confederates, the battle prevented Howard from reaching the railroad. In the wake of this strategic setback, Sherman commenced a series of raids in an effort cut the Confederate supply lines. Finally, in late August, he began a massive movement around the west side of Atlanta that culminated with a key victory at the Battle of Jonesboro on August 31-September 1. In the fighting, Sherman severed the railroad from Macon and forced Hood to depart Atlanta. Union troops entered the city on September 2.

Child Protection Services Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Child Protection Services - Essay Example By 1926, nearly 18 states have developed their own versions of child welfare boards that were charged with the responsibility of coordination of private and public child0-related work. New Jersey joined the Child Service and protection bandwagon in 1974 when several states passed the child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act (CAPTA) that allowed for federal funding for children protection services (Department of Children and Families, 2014). The child protection services in New Jersey fall under the jurisdiction of the State’s Department of Children and Families. Formerly referred to as the division of youth and family services (DYFS), child protective services department of New Jersey is the state agency that is concerned with protecting children and their welfare. The DCF was created in 2006 as the State’s first cabinet agency that was bestowed to ptrotect the most vulnerable children and families within the state. They ensure the safety and permanency, as well as the well-being of children. They strive to achieve this by providing support to the families. While it is the constitutional right for parents to raise their children without the interference the state, the state of New Jersey can interfere with this constitutional right in the event that a child is under serious physical, emotional or psychological harm as a result of a parent’s actions or omission. Since the inception of the Child Protection and Permanency services, the department has been tasked with investigating various allegations that involve cases of child abuse or neglect. They also have a mandate to arrange for the protection of the child, as well as for the treatment of the family. The department has undergone numerous changes in a bid to improve the quality of their services. For instance, the department recently initiated a rapid response initiative that oversaw the implementation of a child abuse hotline service.

Is Lakoff's analysis of the language and moral assumptions of liberals Essay

Is Lakoff's analysis of the language and moral assumptions of liberals and conservatives correct , based on what you see in this - Essay Example Boaz argues that the nation may be liberal towards giving a portion of their income but would not give the government total control of the money to use as it sees fit. Therefore, it is right to support Lakoff’s analysis of the language of liberals and conservatives on issues and ideology. â€Å"Moral Politics† by Lakoff goes out to show the language the politicians use in their different sides of thought towards the public. In this book, Lakoff analyses the unconscious and rhetorical observations of liberals and the conservatives. He asserts that there is a radical but a consistent difference between the liberals and the conservative’s origins of morality. His main agenda is to formulate a model that not only clarifies why the liberals and conservatives take the positions they do but to also join the collections of liberal and conservative political stands in public eyes. He argues that the nation is a family and liberals present a different model of the family v iew compared to the conservatives. The liberals present a nurturing parent (NP) while the conservatives take the assumption of a strict father model (SF). Together encompass decent principals nevertheless; they differ in the most important priorities making them drastically conflicting. With these morals, Lakoff agues out his models to decipher the moral construction inside the language of politics and strategy. In the article â€Å"One Bad and Eight Good Reasons to Cut Taxes† Boaz uses the patterns Lakoff analyses in his metaphorical models giving the opposite priorities in terms of tax cut at the time of Bush government. The individuals backing lofty taxes were opposed the proposition to cut taxes based on the less difference it can make on the economy. This made them hold on the high taxes the government is conducting. In Boaz’s arguments, he asserts that the people who earn money possess it and giving the government the sole control is not wise. This is a liberal a cclamation in that the family members can make a decision on the family function as opposed to the strict father who will impose strict orders in the family set up. Through the proposition of cutting taxes Lakoff’s analysis of an NP model giving the members a better angle to present their views. Lakoff affirms that people appreciate the fact that they are part of what is going on rather thinking of solutions themselves. This is a result of the fact that the society does not know what it really believes and desires to be informed of the thoughts. Boaz article is a good example of a suggestion that the government could consider. During the Bush administration, there was the strict father model and that encompasses the decisions he made without consultation like the invasion of Iraq. This provides the hypothesis that the father is the sole decision maker consequently punishing the children who wrong. Programs given to the public get scrutiny and views as things that citizens get without earning them. This makes the public assume that the government is liable for their needs making them immoral. Bush administration suggests the cut in taxes to have the people have more money in order to reduce social programs but this does not necessarily mean the stoppage of military activities. Consequently, the public is hooked to Bush ideals since they associate with the strict father model. The liberal counter to this assumption is that the

Go Ahead in Recession Essay Example for Free

Go Ahead in Recession Essay Recession The transport group behind nearly a third of UK rail journeys suffered a profits fall as the double-dip recession hit demand for one of its key commuter lines. Go-Ahead said operating profits at its rail arm fell 17 per cent to  £40 million in the year to June 30, with its Southern franchise, which connects Brighton and much of Sussex with London, seeing revenues at the end of the period 2 per cent weaker than it forecast when it bid for the franchise in 2009. The Newcastle-based firm, which also runs Southeastern and London Midland, said group pre-tax profits fell 3.4 per cent to £94.2 million. Pressure groups: Environmental impacts Another main issue for transport is the control of environmental impact. Go-Ahead takes its responsibility to this very seriously. Because more people already travel by car, this has had a poor impact on our surroundings. Public transport must therefore provide a viable and convenient alternative. Go-Ahead has produced environmental and social responsibility reports on all its operations. The Group came top of the public transport companies that took part in the Business in the Community Corporate Responsibility Index. 66% of public transport journeys are made by bus. Go-Ahead prides itself on operating fleets of buses that are well ahead of European environmental standards. They use ultra-low sulphur diesel as well as particulate traps, which cut exhaust emission levels and improve air quality in cities. http://businesscasestudies.co.uk/go-ahead/meeting-needs-in-a-competitive-sector/planning-for-the-future.html#ixzz2EJCEuy2A Follow us: @Thetimes100 on Twitter | thetimes100casestudies on Facebook David Brown, Go-Ahead Group Chief Executive said: We are delighted to be supporting the Footprinting Gallery. Go-Ahead has worked with the Carbon Trust since 2008, when we became the first UK transport operator to receive Carbon Trust accreditation after taking action to cut our emissions. Reducing our carbon footprint is integral to our business strategy, and we continually seek ways to further reduce our footprint and use fuel more efficiently. We aim to achieve a 20 per cent per passenger journey reduction by 2015 – a target we are well on course to meet. The brands exhibiting recognise that everything we buy, produce and use has a carbon impact, and that helping customers to make more environmentally friendly choices when they shop is becoming increasingly important. Some brands such as Go-Ahead are also working to reduce the carbon footprint at an organisational level by implementing energy-saving measures such as intelligent lighting controls and staff engagement programmes. Govermment policy The government is also looking at ways of charging people who use roads, including motorways and roads in city centres. This is in order to reduce congestion and pollution. The integration of transport systems is a key issue for the government and transport companies. Read more: http://businesscasestudies.co.uk/go-ahead/meeting-needs-in-a-competitive-sector/planning-for-the-future.html#ixzz2EJC7sTFy http://www.coventrytelegraph.net/news/business-news/uk-coventry-business-news/2012/09/07/business-news-go-ahead-hit-by-recession-squeeze-92746-31786637/#ixzz2EJ3jJmKU Competetion Go-Ahead is looking at more ways of forming convenient public transport systems involving the mixing of bus, rail, aviation and car parking links to meet government policy and improve its service to passengers. Go-Aheads other operations already create some of these but car parking for example, is a vital part of integrated transport. Go-Ahead is responsible for 156 rail station car parks and a number of Park Ride sites. Additionally it purchased Meteor (the third-largest operator of off-street parking in the UK in 2002) which has around 60,000 car-parking spaces across 20 sites. The largest part of the business is airport parking. Services include: * managing car parks * car park security * transporting people to and from terminal buildings. Meteor operates under a number of brands, including Pink Elephant and e-parking. The business is growing to provide services at hospitals and shopping centres. Another part of Go-Ahead, aviance, provides a range of airport facilities. The business loads and unloads commercial cargo from freight flights and provides baggage handling and check-in services for passenger airlines. It also operates executive lounges and information desks, and manages aircraft slots and customs clearance. These services are offered at airports like Manchester, Birmingham and the main London airports. : http://businesscasestudies.co.uk/go-ahead/meeting-needs-in-a-competitive-sector/planning-for-the-future.html#ixzz2EJDQ3Fg7

Essay --

The Gothic novel, Wuthering Heights by Emily Brontà « can be depicted as a novel that lacks a hero. Heathcliff, the protagonist of the novel, lacks many characteristics of a traditional hero; therefore, causes him to reflect the definition of a villain in a work of literature. Wuthering Heights illustrates that a predictable hero is not presented and that Heathcliff is the antithesis of a hero in the novel. Heathcliff is characterized as a vengeful character, who becomes destroyed and corrupted due to his rejection from Catherine, his overwhelming jealousy, and his mistreatment as a child by Hindley. He is a cynical character and due to his cruel and wicked attitude that grows throughout the novel, he grows to be a villain. Wuthering Heights lacks what a reader might assume to be an established hero. The novel lacks a hero due to the protagonists' personality, actions, and use of his qualities towards specific characters. Heathcliff, who develops into a wicked character from a young age, lacks heroic attributions because he shifts roles from a young age. Heathcliff develops into a misanthrope and a "...man who seemed more exaggeratedly reserved than myself." as described by Lockwood (4). Heathcliff grows up to become isolated from the rest of the world, having obtained Wuthering Heights and Thrushcross Grange after his true loves', Catherine's, death. Although Heathcliff portrays hero related characteristics, he does not utilize his traits in appropriate situations or in acceptable ways, which causes the story to lack a hero figure. Heathcliff does not use his traits to present the archetypal hero in the work of literature. He has been treated harshly as a child himself; however, he uses his past to fu lfill his future. Heathclif... ..., the protagonist of the novel, lacks many characteristics of a traditional hero; therefore, causes him to reflect the definition of a villain. Due to his wicked and vengeful attitude that grows throughout the novel, Heathcliff grows to be a villain. Although he was mistreated as a child, he utilizes and carries out his past to continue his future, which still caused him pain and suffering in the end. Heathcliff took advantage and sought revenge over the ones who mistreated him, which is why he can be characterized as a major villain and why the novel Wuthering Heights lacks a hero. Although Heathcliff and Catherine illustrate an endless love, the two characters take advantage of each other and cause harm to one another in numerous ways. They do not feel sympathetic towards each other because they both state how they have killed each other emotionally and mentally.

English Conjunctions

Conjunctions A conjunction is a word which joins two sentences to complete their meaning. There are two kinds of conjunctions: 1. Co-ordinating Conjunctions: When the conjunction is used to join two statements of equal importance, the conjunction is said to be a co-ordinating conjunction. Examples : and, but, or, not, for, either, neither 2. Subordinating Conjunctions: When the conjunction joins two statements, one of which depends on the other for its full meaning, the conjunction is said to be a subordinating conjunction.Examples : before, after, since, because, if, though, which, who A conjunction is a joiner, a word that connects (conjoins) parts of a sentence. There seem to be three basic types of conjunctions. They are:  coordinating conjunctions  used to connect two independent clauses,  subordinating conjunctions  used to establish the relationship between the dependent clause and the rest of the sentence, and  correlative conjunctions  which always travel in pair s, joining various sentence elements that should be treated as grammatically equal. COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONSCoordinating conjunctions may join single words, or they may join groups of words, but they must always join similar elements: e. g. subject+subject, verb phrase+verb phrase, sentence+sentence. The seven coordinating conjunctions in English are: FOR – is to introduce the reason for the preceding clause AND – joins two similar ideas together NOR – The conjunction nor is not extinct, but it is not used nearly as often as the other conjunctions. Its most common use is as the little brother in the correlative pair, neither-nor BUT – joins two contrasting ideas togetherOR – joins two alternative ideas YET – is very similar to ‘but' as it also joins two contrasting ideas together SO – shows that the second idea is the result of the first An easy way to remember these six conjunctions is to think of the word FANBOYS. Each of the letters in this somewhat unlikely word is the first letter of one of the coordinating conjunctions. Among the coordinating conjunctions, the most common, of course, are AND, BUT and OR. SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS A subordinating conjunction is a word which joins together a dependent clause and an independent clause.There are numerous subordinating conjunctions. The more commonly used ones are listed below. For a more comprehensive list see  http://webster. commnet. edu/grammar/conjunctions. htm#nor BECAUSE, AS, SINCE – are used to introduce the cause in a cause effect relationship between two ideas SO – introduces an effect in a cause effect relationship between two ideas ALTHOUGH, (even) THOUGH, WHEREAS, WHILE – are used to express contrast between ideas AFTER – is used to show timeAlthough documentation of the developmental order of the remaining subordinate conjunctions is missing, the best guess scenario would be: BECAUSE and SINCE, as they also in troduce the cause in a cause-effect relationship SO would likely seem to follow as it introduces the effect in a cause-effect relationship ALTHOUGH, (even) THOUGH, WHEREAS, WHILE may follow next as they express the contrast between ideas AFTER which expresses time concepts COrrelative CONJUNCTIONS Some conjunctions combine with other words to form what are called correlative conjunctions.They always travel in pairs, joining various sentence elements that should be treated as grammatically equal. Here is a brief list of common correlative conjunctions. both . . . andnot only . . . but alsonot . . . buteither . . . orneither . . . norwhether . . . oras . . . as| Types of Conjunctions A conjunction is a word that links words, phrases, or clauses. There are three types of conjunctions:  coordinating conjunctions, correlative conjunctions, and  subordinating conjunctions.Coordinating Conjunctions  may join single words, or they may join groups of words, but they must always join si milar elements such as subject+subject, verb phrase+verb phrase, or sentence+sentence. When a coordinating conjunction is used to join elements, the element becomes a compound element. Examples:  and, but, or, yet, for, nor, so Correlative Conjunctions  also connect sentence elements of the same kind, however, unlike coordinating conjunctions, correlative conjunctions are always used in pairs. Examples: both – and not only – but also not – but ither – or neither – nor whether – or as – as Subordinating Conjunctions: These are the largest class of conjunctions. They connect subordinate clauses to a main clause. They are adverbs used as conjunctions. Examples: Time: after, before, since, when, while, until Reason: because, since, so that, why Place: where, wherever Condition: if, unless, until, in case Manner: as if, as though, how When we write, we use conjunctions to â€Å"connect words, phrases, and clauses, showing the relation ship between and among them,†Ã‚   as Scharton   and Neuleib describe (2001, p. 96). There are four types of conjunctions that writers can use. Let's review each type as a way to reflect on the different kinds of relationships that conjunctions can be used to reveal. Coordinating Conjunctions Coordinating conjunctions should used  when the elements have an equal relationship. Examples of coordinating conjunctions include  for, and, nor, but, or, yet,  and  so. Ex. Hall does not deny that the early colonists were overwhelmingly Christian,  but  he does recognize that not everyone practiced his or her eligion with the same zeal and fervor that is generally assumed in Puritan communities. Note that with this type of conjunction, you are connecting two sentences (making a compound sentence). In order to prevent this compound sentence from being a run-on sentence, a comma must precede the coordinating conjunction. Correlative Conjunctions Correlative conjunctions are u sed in pairs and also connect equal elements. Examples of correlative conjunctions include  either†¦or, whether†¦or, not only†¦but also, both†¦and,  andneither†¦nor. Ex.It is another interesting phenomenon of history that any conflict within post-World War II Germany,  whether  between the two Germanys  or  between two sets of Germans, often resulted in one side’s claiming that the other used had fascist tactics. Subordinating Conjunctions Subordinating conjunctions  are used to show the relationship of the subordinate clause (a group of related words that contains a subject and predicate but cannot stand alone) to the rest of the sentence. Examples of subordinating conjunctions include  while, after, until, when, where, before, if, that, unless, because, although, though,  and  whether.Ex. Sherry walked to school this morning because her car battery was dead. Conjunctive Adverbs While they are not true conjunctions, conjunctive ad verbs often function as conjunctions. They don't show relationships  within  a sentence, but rather show the relationship between two independent clauses (a complete sentence, or a group of related words that contain a subject, a predicate, and can stand alone). Examples of conjunctive adverbs include  also, consequently, furthermore, however, indeed, instead, meanwhile, moreover, nonetheless, similarly, therefore, thus, besides, next, specifically,  and  subsequently.Ex. A first glance at his bibliography gives the appearance that the work may rely somewhat heavily on secondary source material;  however, a number of primary sources are also used, and it should be noted that the publication dates of the secondary source material range throughout the span of the study. Note that two complete sentences are connected. Therefore, a semicolon is needed. The semicolon shows that the two sentences are closely related and that the writer wants the two sentences to stay linked in the writer’s mind, while showing where one sentence ends and the next one begins.Notice also that a comma follows the conjunctive adverb. Test Your Knowledge| | Check your understanding by correcting the following sentences. Hint: Use the structure of the sentence as a guide to the relationship. Choose a conjunction or conjunctive adverb accordingly. 1. ___________ most of the work is a quantitative study proving the educational lag of Mexican American children, Carter’s work also pays significant attention to educational history. 2.Changes in party emphasis allowed for increasing segments of workers to join; however, dissent with Stalin’s policies was less tolerated; ___________ , many of these policies, particularly those of Stalin, were ambiguous due to the secretiveness and suspicion within the inner ranks. 3. At this time the existence of the relationship between science and religion produced a group of thinkers called Deists who believed that no knowledge could be held of a creator except his existence as necessary for natural law, _________ as in any group of theological thinkers, there were differences in perspectives on what this meant. . One provision allowed for the sale of public lands belonging to the perpetual school fund, the proceeds of which would _________ go directly to the public school fund ________ be distributed among the counties. Answers: 1. While  most of the work is a quantitative study proving the educational lag of Mexican American children, Carter’s work also pays significant attention to educational history. The first part of this sentence is subordinate to the second part. Therefore, a subordinating conjunction would be used.Others that could work in this context would be  though  and  although. 2. Changes in party emphasis allowed for increasing segments of workers to join; however, dissent with Stalin’s policies was less tolerated;  furthermore, many of these policies, particularly those of Stalin, were ambiguous due to the secretiveness and suspicion within the inner ranks. Here the second sentence serves as an addition to another sentence, so a conjunctive adverb is needed. Because it is an addition,  further  and  furthermore  are the best options. . At this time the existence of the relationship between science and religion produced a group of thinkers called Deists who believed that no knowledge could be held of a creator except his existence as necessary for natural law,  but  like any group of theological thinkers, there were differences in perspectives on what this meant. This sentence calls for a coordinating conjunction. Either of these sentences could work independent of each other. The word  but  works best here because it shows contrast. 4.One provision allowed for the sale of public lands belonging to the perpetual school fund, the proceeds of which would  either  go directly to the public school fund  or  be distributed among the counties. Here the two blanks should have been the clue that a correlative conjunctions was required. They are the only ones used in pairs. | | What are conjunctions? Sure, they're joining words, but they're much more than that. Conjunctions are the words that decide the importance of the various other words in the sentence. Coordinating conjunctions, subordinating conjunctions, and correlative conjunctions each have their own purpose. * DefinitionConjunctions are words that link other words, phrases, or clauses. There are three types of conjunctions: coordinating conjunctions, subordinating conjunctions, and correlative conjunctions. * Coordinating Conjunctions Coordinating conjunctions connect two words or groups of words with similar values. In other words, coordinating conjunctions may connect two words, two phrases, two independent clauses, or two dependent clauses. For example, in each of the following sentences, the coordinating conjunction â€Å"and† connect s equal words or groups of words: Connects two words:  John and Reggie stayed up all night practicing their guitars.Connects two phrases:  The squirrel scurried up the tree trunk and onto a low branch. Connects two clauses:  Several managers sat with their backs to us, and I could almost hear them snickering at us lowly workers. Connect with Classrooms www. ePals. com/Join Easily Connect with classrooms all over the world, Join ePals today! Ads by Google There are only seven coordinating conjunctions in the English language, and they are often remembered by using the acronym â€Å"FANBOYS†: for, and, nor, but, or, yet, and so. * Subordinating Conjunctions Subordinating conjunctions connect two groups of words by making one into a subordinating clause.The subordinating clause acts as one huge adverb, answering the questions â€Å"when† or â€Å"why† about the main clause, or imposing conditions or opposition on it. Here are some examples of subordinating co njunctions changing a clause into adverbial subordinating clauses in different ways: * I can go shopping after I finish studying for my exam. (when) * Because the night was young, Gertrude decided to take a walk. (why) * I’ll give you a dime if you give me a dollar. (condition) * Although he never figured out why, Hanna winked on her way out the door. (opposition) Note: The subordinating conjunction does not lways come between the two clauses it connects. Often, it comes at the beginning of the first clause. * Correlative Conjunctions Correlative conjunctions are always used in pairs. They are similar to coordinating conjunctions because they join sentence elements that are similar in importance. The following are some examples of coordinating conjunctions: Both, and:  Both Rodney and Xing made the varsity team this year. Neither, nor:  Neither Rodney nor Xing made the varsity team this year. Not only, but also:  Not only did Rodney make the varsity team, but he also be come one of the strongest players.Remember these three types of conjunctions – coordinate conjunctions, subordinate conjunctions, and correlative conjunctions – and you've got one part of speech down pat. A  conjunction  connects two or more  sentences,  clauses, or parts of clauses. Some of the most common conjunctions in English are  and,because,  but,  for,  nor,  so,  until,  when, and  yet. The two main types of conjunctions are coordinating conjunctions and subordinating conjunctions. There are also correlative conjunctions, copulative conjunctions, adversative conjunctions, disjunctive conjunctions, and final conjunctions. ————————————————-Coordinating conjunctions A  coordinating conjunction  is a  conjunction  that links two words,  phrases,  clauses, or  sentences  that are grammatically equivalent. The six wo rds most commonly used as coordinating conjunctions can be remembered with the mnemonic device FANBOYS—for,  and,  nor,  but,  or,  yet,  so. Let’s look at a few examples: We have a porcupine  and  a kangaroo. [And  links two listed elements that are grammatically equivalent. ] You see  yet  do not hear. [Yet  links two grammatically equivalent actions (see  anddo not hear) performed by  you. ] We bathed the dog,  but  we couldn’t get him clean. But  links two independent clauses. ] Coordinating correlative conjunctions Some correlative conjunctions (see below for full definition) can function as joint coordinating conjunctions. For example,  neither  and  nor  in this sentence introduce grammatically equal elements, so they work together as coordinating conjunctions: Neither Joe nor John has any idea what he’s talking about. Coordinating conjunctions and commas For coordinating conjunctions,  comma  use depen ds on the nature of the linked elements. If a coordinating conjunction joins two  independent clauses, it usually should be preceded by a comma (e. g. We bathed the dog, but we couldn’t get him clean). If a coordinating conjunction links two listed elements, it doesn’t need a comma (e. g. ,  We have a porcupine  and  a kangaroo). ————————————————- Subordinating conjunctions A  subordinating conjunction  is a  conjunction  that links a  dependent clause  (also known as a subordinate clause) to an  independent clause—for example: The city recommends everyone stay inside because the winds could be dangerous. In this  sentence,  because  links a dependent clause (because the winds could be dangerous) to the main clause (The city recommends everyone stay inside).We know this  is subordinating because  because the winds could be dangerous  could not normally stand alone as a sentence. Here are some of the most common subordinating conjunctions: after albeit although as because before except if once since| that though unless until when whenever where whether while| Some phrases also function as subordinating conjunctions. Here are some of the most common ones: as if as far as as long as as well as even if even though| that inasmuch as in order to in order that so that such that| ————————————————- Other types Adversative conjunctionsAdversative conjunctions  (sometimes known as contrasting conjunctions) are  coordinating conjunctions  used to express comparisons or contrasts. The element introduced by the adversative conjunction usually qualifies or expresses a caveat with regard to the main  clause  of the  sentence. The most common adversative clauses are  but  and  yet, but   still,  however,  albeit,  although, and others are also sometimes adversative. Let’s look at a few examples of adversative conjunctions: He’s a shy  but  loving little boy. [Naples News] Here, the  phrase  but loving  creates a contrast to what is expected from the  adjective  shy.It is a living part of my spiritual life,  yet  I don’t know if one would call me a religious artist. [Houston Chronicle] In this sentence, the  independent clause  introduced by  yet  adds information to qualify what was expressed in the main clause. This technology,  although  not a foolproof way to monitor abusers, might give victims advance warning that danger is approaching. [Hartford Courant] And in this sentence, the  conjunction  although  introduces information in contrast to the main clause. Correlative conjunctions Correlative conjunctions  are two or more  conjunctions  used to link structurally identical parts of a  se ntence.Here are the most common pairs of correlative conjunctions: either–or| both–and| neither–nor| not only–but also| if–then| whether–or| Elements linked by correlative conjunctions must have parallel grammatical construction. For example, this is technically incorrect (the conjunctions are underlined): You’re  either  going to love his work  or  hate it. [Thousand Oaks Acorn] For such a construction to be correct, what follows  either  and what follows  or  must be syntactically equivalent. A diagram of this example sentence would look like, [Subject]  either  [auxiliary verb phrase] [verb] [object]  or  [verb] [object]. †?The segment following  either  has an element (the auxiliary verb phrase  going to) that the segment following  or  doesn’t have, so the two segments are not parallel. There are two possibilities for correcting this sentence: You’re going to  either  love his work  or  hate it. Either  you’re going to love his work,  or  you’re going to hate it. With sentences this short, correlative conjunctions are usually easy to use correctly. But using more complicated constructions involving correlatives such as  not only–but also  and  if  Ã¢â‚¬â€œthencan be tricker. Here’s another technically flawed use of correlative conjunctions: TTL Inc. s a socially responsible company that is  not only  known for innovations in engineering  but also  for its widespread support of education. [UA News] Here, the verb  known  should precede  not only, as the phrase following  but also  has no parallel verb. From the same article, here’s an example of correct correlative conjunction use: TTL’s passion for advanced education is seen  not only  in the hours dedicated to volunteering and guest lecturing,  but also  through endowed scholarships for prospective engineers at The University of Alabama. Commas and correlative conjunctions . Use no  comma  when the parallel segments are in the same  clause—for example: It was either really stupid or really brave. Our diversity is not only a challenge but also a gift. b. Use a comma when the two parallel phrases are in separate clauses—for example: If there’s a truly monumental disaster, then appoint the two last presidents to lend a hand. [WSJ] c. But even when two correlative conjunctions are in the same clause, it’s often acceptable to insert a comma before the second conjunction either to create a natural-sounding pause, or to prevent confusion.Copulative conjunctions Copulative conjunctions  (also known as additive conjunctions) are  coordinating conjunctions  used to denote addition. The  conjunction  indicates that the second word,  phrase,  clause, or  sentence  contains an additional fact that is related to the earlier word, phrase, clause, or senten ce. Some of the most common copulative conjunctions are  and,  also,  as well as,  moreover,  no less,  and  plus. Some copulative conjunctions may be used to start sentences—for example: My kangaroo can sing. And  she’s not too bad. Moreover, she won a Grammy last year.Plus, she’s a pretty good dancer. In the last two sentences,  moreover  and  plus  come close to becoming  adverbs  modifying the main  verbs  of their sentences (won  and the contracted  is). Such adverbial copulative conjunctions should be set off by  commas. And  does not need to be set apart. And  is the only copulative conjunction that can be used to introduce a second  independent clause  within a sentence—for example: We ate lunch, and we took a nap. Using any other copulative conjunction in place of  and  would turn this into a  run-on sentence. Disjunctive conjunctionsDisjunctive conjunctions  are  conjunctions  used to sep arate two or more mutually exclusive options presented in a  sentence. When a disjunctive conjunction is used, it usually indicates either that only one of the elements joined by the conjunctions is true, or that none of the elements are true. The conjunctions most commonly used disjunctively are  but,  either,  else,  neither, nor,  or, other, and  otherwise. Some disjunctive conjunctions are  coordinating conjunctions—for example, the  either  and the  or  in this  sentence: Poetry is usually either cheap or free.Here,  either  and  or  indicate that poetry is usually one or the other (cheap or free) but not both. Disjunctive pronouns separate these options. Other disjunctive conjunctions don’t need to be coordinated. For example, the  or  in this sentence functions on its own: I might use papier-ma? che, or I might use some kind of wood. The  or  separates two options, only one of which can be true. And in this sentence, the   neither  and the  nor  are used to indicate that neither option is true: Neither he nor his lawyer could be reached for comment. Final conjunctionsFinal conjunctions  (also known as illative conjunctions) are  coordinating conjunctions  used to introduce  clauses  or  phrases  that draw inferences or conclusions from earlier ones. Some of the most common final conjunctions (some of which are phrases) are  as a consequence,  consequently,  for,  hence,  so,  so that,  so then,  thus, and  therefore. Some final conjunctions introduce phrases within  sentences. For example, this sentence has two: In turn, this causes other asset prices to fall in those nations,  thus  worsening their banking systems, and  hence  leading to credit contraction and capital flight. NY Times] The phrase introduced by  hence  draws an inference from the phrase introduced by  thus, which in turn draws an inference from the main clause. Some final conju nctions introduce clauses within sentences—for example: Equalize the tax laws  so that  employer-provided health insurance and individually owned health insurance have the same tax benefits. [Wall Street Journal] Here, the clause introduced by  so that  infers what will occur should the action proposed in the  imperative-mood  main clause come to pass.A final conjunction may also be used to start a sentence that draws a conclusion from the preceding sentence—for example: Good writing is always about clarity and insight, precision and accuracy. Therefore, this confusing name calls into question the very quality of the writing instruction that will be given in the new department. [Inside Higher Ed] The second sentence, introduced by the final conjunction  therefore, draws a conclusion from the first sentence. And here’s one more example: Our current system provides individuals with little market power in the urchase of health insurance. As a result,à ‚  they typically pay exorbitant premiums. [The New Republic] Here, the sentence beginning with  as a result  shows what the conditions described in the first sentence lead to. OUTLINE 1. Introduction (neu d? nh nghia, vai tro c? a conjunction trong cau, trong l? i noi hang ngay. Cho vi d? ) 2. Types of conjunction 3. 1. Coordinating conjunction a. Definition b. List of coordinating conjunction c. Exercise 3. 2. Subordinating conjunction a. Definition b. List of subordinating conjunction . Exercise 3. 3. Correlative conjunction a. Definition b. List of correlative conjunction c. Exercise Note: * ph? n Definiton neu d? nh nghia, function c? a cac lo? i conjunction nay trong cau * Ph? n List of†¦ neu cac lo? i conjunction, cho vi d? , phan tich vi d? , trinh bay v? luu y khi s? d? ng d? u ph? y trong cau khi dung lo? i conjunction nay) * Ph? n exercise neu it nh? t la 10 cau, phan tich vi sao lai dung conjunction do, phan tich function c? a conjunction trong cau) 3. Conclusio n (