Factors Influencing Process Design Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Components Influencing Process Design - Essay Example The selection of materials is one factor that influences the procedure plan of items. During the time spent picking the correct material for items, there are various components that are considered according to material decision (Cresswell, 2002). Amount of items to be fabricated, advertise expenses and item use are the elements related with material decision. The material to be utilized ought to think about what condition and the item will be utilized. For instance, when assembling cups for taking tea, the material utilized ought to have the option to withstand hot or cold temperatures and washing. The amount of items to be manufacturedrelates to the sum required to be offered to the objective market. For instance, a lot of cups can be produced if numerous requests are required by the customer. In addition, showcasing cost alludes to the last item costs. The end expenses of items ought not surpass the cost that item will be sold in the market inasmuch as it can play out the capacity it was made for and mirrors the quality (Kalakul et al, 2014).Product reason wellness and durabilityare different variables that impact item plan. This implies the item ought to do the capacity it was intended for. For instance, a cup is produced for the motivations behind taking fluids, for example, tea. Different factors, for example, weight and size ought to be viewed as when structuring products.The weight and size should be sensible so as to play out its proposed reason. Along these lines, while thinking about item wellness, planners ought to set up all the significant components of the item

First knight

Arthur exhibits the vote based route by demonstrating when he settles on choices he goes to the round table to examine them with the kindred residents. How Arthur tells the best way to deal with the individuals who he thinks disrupted the guidelines by holding an open preliminary so everybody can see the law at work and he leaves the people tumble to the law and the individuals of Camelot to choose. Arthur shows the most elevated estimation of the law based route by letting the residents have a state and do things their way and expecting and treating the residents with nobility. . Harmful exhibits the dictator path by demonstrating when he settles on choices he doesn't tune in to the residents and just passes by his promise and nobody else's. Threatening just regards himself and nobody else; he even attempts to seize the Queen. Which is extremely impolite. Dangerous couldn't care less about anybody as long at he is regarded and in control. Being tyrant implies that the pioneer is sel f delegated and doesn't tune in to resident's sentiments and they can't stand in opposition to he pioneers activities, which Malignant plainly shows.That is a model that shows absence of regard for residents and shows the dictator way. Dangerous shows the most noteworthy estimation of the tyrant path by not letting the residents have a state and removing their privileges, likewise by rebuffing honest individuals for others poor activities. 3. Arthur shows rights and duties in the film since Arthur held court and utilized the law to choose the blame or blamelessness of the Queen and Lancelot and if lilts their punishment.He held an open preliminary so every resident can see the law at work. This shows rights and obligations by letting the individuals choose the confidence and having a state, Arthur is permitting the individuals to practice their privileges of feeling. Also he doesn't get voracious or let his outrage defeat him before reporting Lancet's discipline. Additionally he uti lizes the round table with high regard and duty and shows fairness all through and cooperates with everybody to benefit Camelot.

Hospitality Students Perceptions of Sustainability- myassignmenthelp

Question: Examine about theHospitality Students Perceptions of Sustainability. Answer: Presentation Accommodation industry is probably the biggest business on the planet with a worldwide commitment of $7.6 trillion (US) in 2016 having enormous impact on social prosperity being a key supporter of income and occupation generator (Statista, 2016). Anyway attributable to its inclination, it demonstrates to squeeze the environment. Supportability is the thought which accentuates that human action should be aware of its activities to guarantee protection of the environmental equalization and normal assets. Deloitte underlined the significance of supportability as, Rising populaces and progressively rare assets will give a difficult business condition in which maintainability should be inserted inside all features of the business, as opposed to viewed as an independent issue.(Deloitte, 2014, p. 41) This examination intends to research the view of understudies of cordiality and the travel industry, who establish the future laborers of the business and in that unique situation, the nearness of potential sexual orientation based contrasts. The knowledge picked up is relied upon to help instructors with respect to how they should move toward supportability training to ingrain the ideas to the group of people yet to come, guaranteeing that the business could be better prepared in working by remembering the possibility of manageability. Writing Review Bird et al. (2015) gave an account of a longitudinal report focusing on undergrad business understudies comprehension of maintainability in business and featured a propensity of subjects to stay careless in regards to their own ability for demanding change and potential effect they could have in handling ecological and supportability difficulties and hence being reluctant to change ways of life. Reid, Petocz Taylor (2009) tended to a quite certain test that exists as to executing an educational plan which handles maintainability issues in business training courses. They uncovered that while a few understudies of business do have significant profundity of comprehension in regards to manageability and its need, many were guileless and unconscious of the full degree of its suggestions. Some had a restricted comprehension of maintainability as only the demonstration of guaranteeing progression. In spite of the fact that, they found proof of understudies who saw maintainability rehearses as an ethical obligation towards coming ages. Concentrating on existing extent of manageability training, Wiek et al. (2013), assessed the open doors in global instruction on supportability inferring that just one out of seventeen organizations satisfy them. They proceeded to introduce the difficulties introduced by The Global Classroom Experiment, a composite trial educational program intended to satisfy those rules. The investigation uncovered that difficulties exist in levels of organization and workforce who need to create abilities to help control understudies who should be adaptable enough in perspective to contribute also to a fruitful program. Kagawa (2007), led an examination researching impression of college understudies on manageable improvement considering their ways of life, looking at the impact of sexual orientation and their courses being identified with the earth. The examination embraced a measurable way to deal with explore the issue, inferring that sex contrast i n observation was factually noteworthy in spite of the fact that the distinction become immaterial when gathering dependent on courses. The subject under investigation in this paper is the current hole in information on understudies selected cordiality and related courses to be explicit, putting accentuation on speculative sexual orientation contrasts by concentrating how they get maintainability and in this way how scholastics could move toward supportability training for these individuals to guarantee a standard of instruction which incorporates manageability training with the coursework. Dissimilar to Kagawa(2007), the paper utilizes a subjective research configuration to move toward the issue. Research Questions The goals of the examination manages noting the accompanying: How do these future laborers see manageability in setting of the friendliness business? Are there any distinction in the recognition about maintainability between the male and female subjects? Research Methods The exploration depends on a subjective methodology. The information comprise of answers to a lot of ten open-finished inquiries by twelve subjects six of them male and rets female, who are seeking after school courses which are applicable to the friendliness and the travel industry business industry. The particular strategy utilized here follows the rules of grounded hypothesis. The information corpus has been partitioned into two sets, one for male interviewees and the other for females. The inquiries tended to their perspectives about supportability, its job in the accommodation business and their nation of origin. Center hypothetical ideas pertinent to the examination questions are therefore evolved dependent on the reactions. Provisional connections between those ideas are created, trailed by confirmation through re-examination of the information in setting of those ideas and connections (Graue, 2015). This is accomplished through coding procedure which included open coding, pivotal coding and specific coding (Birks Mills, 2015). Open Coding is the act of distinguishing, sorting and indexing ideas inside the printed information which could prompt applicable hypotheses inside the setting of the pertinent point under investigation (Glaser, 2016). Dull or equivalent words which could pave the way to regular topics are noted and reported. The recognized particular topics are then utilized for additional examination (Urquhart, 2016). Hub Coding is the act of relating the recognized classes or subjects to each other with the point of deciding any provisional affiliation or causal relationship from a summed up perspective (Zhang Wildemuth, 2016). Specific Coding is worried about thinking about the distinguished connections in the hub coding step and afterward attempting to decide the center or head classification supporting some hypothesis which tended to the examination question (Smith, 2015). Discoveries and key subjects The essential thought of maintainability was seen as ascribed by the guys utilizing ideas, for example, continuation, reusing, keep up and condition. For instance, member #2, is cited to allude manageability as I might suspect it implies something that can be proceeded (International, 19, #2). Correspondingly, member #7 stated, Something that is perpetual or that can be reused (International, 22, # 7). Notice that such clarifications are very short and obscure. It was seen that they needed cohesiveness in their ideas about what sort of job and how supportability could play in their industry. The accompanying statements delineate the differentiating thoughts that the guys hold. Anything to keep up a reasonable benefit. (Worldwide, 19, #2). Contrasted with his response for what he comprehends as manageability may be, the member is apparently thinking around the lines of business and ignoring the ecological setting of maintainability. Similarly, member #7, appears to in any event have a progressively solid thought of what supportability is as suitable manageability rehearses as evident from his answer, In industry, Solar-vitality can be utilized as a significant wellspring of vitality. Sun based vitality is supportable vitality. (Worldwide, 22, # 7). Member 10 was found to distinguish the idea with keeping up business as opposed to guaranteeing natural maintainability through strategic policies. Identifying with supportability and activities, he stated, The capacity to keep up specific levels for quite a while. I think principally it is assemble and keep up client reliability. (Universal, 25, # 10). Despite the fact that member #16 admitted to not having a generally excellent thought regarding supportability, he uncovered to distinguish manageability rehearses in the business with efficient power vitality. The significance of such works on as per him is expressed as, in any case nursery impact and a worldwide temperature alteration will deteriorate. (Global, 24, #16). Thusly the concentration in spite of the fact that is right from moral viewpoint, it is proposed that he may do not have, the knowledge with respect to the business part of maintainability rehearses in the business. Member #18 showed nitty gritty information about maintainability concerns and furthermore called attention to water and vitality protections as alternatives of manageability practice, anyway he again neglected to appropriately clarify why he felt that supportability is imperative to his industry put something aside for being a socio-natural perfect, saying just, Yes it is significant. The females reactions were seen as progressively elucidating. The essential thought of supportability was seen as ascribed utilizing ideas, for example, condition, long haul, insurance, business and client. Outstanding among the appropriate responses is the accompanying statement, Truly. As individuals become increasingly more earth cognizant, future organizations ought to think about it. Something else, individuals will recall it as a terrible business and step by step quit utilizing it. (Global, 20, #22) Member #22 in this way could effectively distinguish the intrigue of supportability practices to clients and given rising worldwide mindfulness and concern, its incentive as a promoting technique. Her rundown of supportability, stresses it considering that it is so basic to offset natural worries with business activities and in this manner how ecological manageability identifies with financial maintainability of the firm also. plausibility to last and keep up without natural harm. Manageability must be considered for a firm to radian in presence for long. Changes in individuals' recognitions make it understood. (Universal, 20, #22) Member #11 shows comparable getting, saying, If a business is accomplishing something reasonably, it can get more great cmpetitive preferred position than different business. (Worldwide, 23, #11) Member #14, summarizes manageability as, facilitated improvement f financial, social, respurces and envi

Why You Should Get an Essay Sample

Why You Should Get an Essay SampleDo you want to know what essay samples Occidental offers? I'm sure you do. If you are looking for an online writing tutor, you have come to the right place. We are going to cover all aspects of a curriculum vitae, why you might want one, and how you can benefit from it.If you are reading this article, you are likely in school, or at least planning on attending school, in the near future. If so, you will definitely want to write that CV (Curriculum Vitae) - an impressive piece of paper that will serve as your blueprint for life. You'll also want to be sure to keep the information interesting and informative.The best thing about writing an essay is that you have a lot of control over how it looks and feels. That being said, one of the biggest mistakes you can make is to have a sloppily written CV. In other words, there is no point in trying to make your CV look good if you can't even remember what it should look like.The first thing you need to do is s ee if you already have any samples of work you can use. If you're not sure, try reading some articles or participating in some online writing forums. For example, there is a great resource online called College Writing and Evaluation Services, and you can find a forum where people are discussing their own essays and experiences with these resources.You can also consider using some professional samples to get ideas of how they should sound. There are plenty of ways to learn to write a CV, and we've covered one way to do it before. We won't go into details of this process, but if you really want to know, just search for 'CV writing' on Google, and you'll get a ton of options to start with.However, before you write any student essays, you should first check your writing skills. It's not as easy as typing the whole thing out. You might also want to look at what the essay samples Occidental provides you with.We've done that. Some examples are From University - Some Essays For Your Curric ulum Vitae, or for the International Student: Some Essays for the CV. All these resources are going to help you learn about how to write a very important document for you, so I strongly encourage you to check them out.

Analysis Of 1984 By George Orwell - 1163 Words

EXAGGERATING IS UNDERSTATING Have you ever felt like you were being watched? In 1984 by George Orwell this was not just a feeling of the citizens in Oceania, it was their lifestyle. The plot of 1984 is over exaggerated in the sense that the citizens are not allowed to partake in any malpractice because their every move is constantly being watched, this makes 1984 a satire. 1984 is not only a satire but it is a satire of 2016. This is because people in 2016 are pressured into a stereotype, technology is extremely controlling over people’s thoughts, and there is control over the news and history that is portrayed through media. Peer pressure has always been an issue, but in 2016 it is worse than ever. Due to social media many people, especially teens, feel as though they need to fit into a certain stereotype in society. They will do whatever it takes to fit in no matter who they wind up hurting. People feel they need to pretend they are someone that they are not in order to fit in, much like how Winston had to keep his anti-Party thoughts to himself so he would not get vaporized. With Party slogans as outrageous as â€Å"WAR IS PEACE. FREEDOM IS SLAVERY. IGNORANCE IS STRENGTH† it is hard to remain secretive about your inner rebellious notions (Orwell 4). This slogan, along with other ideas, is drilled into the brains of all people of Oceania, which is similar to the ideas in 2016 that are ingrained in us from a young age. Examples of this are being forced into binary genders,Show MoreRelatedAnalysis Of 1984 By George Orwell954 Words   |  4 PagesSophie Moore Mrs. N. Finley E209R3 – 1984 literary analysis 27 January 2015 Symbolism throughout 1984 The novel 1984 is a futuristic totalitarian society where everyone is kept under close surveillance and is forced to follow all rules and laws of the state. The novel 1984 was written by George Orwell and published in 1950. The main characters were Big Brother, Winston Smith, Julia, O’Brien, Syme and Emmanuel Goldstein. Winston Smith is a low man on the totem pole when it came to the ruling PartyRead MoreA Literary Analysis Of 1984 By George Orwell721 Words   |  3 Pages The essay your about to read is a literary analysis of the book â€Å"1984 by George Orwell† it was written in 1948 as a thriller. Winston Smith is the main character of this story followed by two characters â€Å"Julia and O’Brien.† The book starts off with main character Winston being very frustrated with what is called the â€Å"Party† lead by a man named â€Å"Big Brother† hints the saying â€Å"big brother is watching you† from â€Å"George Orwells worst f ear† stated by express.co.uk. the book takes you for a rideRead MoreAnalysis Of George Orwell s 1984848 Words   |  4 PagesCritical Analysis In the George Orwell’s novel 1984, much of the society is watched and have no privacy of any kind. Every person in the Party is under surveillance. In effect, these people cannot live freely and independently, but it seems to be an impossible task because of of the Party surveillance, and how they limit thinking and manipulate reality. We can similarly see these concerns and their effects in today s society and the ways the novel also acts as a warning for the future. In 1984 a manRead MoreAnalysis Of 1984 By George Orwell1578 Words   |  7 Pageseducation, thus he then joined the Asian country Imperial personnel. After five years, he resigned and went back home to become an author and later on became very popular when he wrote and printed the Animal Farm and 1984. Information about the literary period: In 1949, George Orwell wrote his most illustrious story. His book supported the concept of what is going to happen twenty-five years from then. He got this concept from what was happening around him and in the world. Through this year, theRead MoreAnalysis Of 1984 By George Orwell1160 Words   |  5 Pages1984 by George Orwell is set in a dystopian future ruled by a terrifying totalitarian government that’s known to make people disappear overnight. This government uses the kids to spy on their parents, has overarching figures that closely resemble real life people and uses large amounts of surveillance to keep the people in check. Many parallels van be drawn to real life people and situations. The fact that parallels can be drawn doesn’t necessarily mean that we’re living in the same world the peopleRead MoreAnalysis Of 1984 By George Orwell1022 Words   |  5 PagesPeople of Oceania 1984 was written by a British writer and journalist, George Orwell. Orwell created the novel, based off of the main protagonist, Winston, who tries to overcome the malicious obstacles of the politcal regime, is faced with judgements and mistreatments from the Party. One need only to apply the epithet of Big Brother to a government or organization in order to conjure up the nightmarish oppression so vividly portrayed in Orwells most famous novel. 1984 depicts a fictional societyRead MoreAnalysis Of The Novel 1984 By George Orwell1205 Words   |  5 PagesThis phenomenon is evident in George Orwell’s novel, 1984 in which the protagonist, Winston possesses critical features of a rebel. The rebellious personality of Winston is first introduced to the reader through his thoughtcrime’s. This trait is also distinctly seen through the doubts he has towards the governing party. Finally, the characteristic of rebellion is also successfully shown through Winston’s desir e for happiness. It is evident that through the novel 1984, Winston is a rebellious characterRead MoreA Summary and Analysis of 1984 by George Orwell1223 Words   |  5 PagesBOOK REPORT Name of the Book – 1984 Author – George Orwell This book starts in London on April fourth, 1984. The book is written in partly third person, and partly in first person. The book is divided into three distinct parts. The first part is showing you the main character, Winston Smith and his differences and frustration with the world he works and lives in. The country or the â€Å"Super state† he lives in called Oceania is run under a government called INGSOC (English Socialism). The leadersRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book 1984 By George Orwell1362 Words   |  6 PagesKathie Tejada Professor Antonio Tomà ¡s Guerrero Dà ­az COLI 214B 1984 This novel, 1984, is a dystopia and takes place in Oceania where people live in a totalitarian society. The author, George Orwell, wrote this as if he was looking into the future and what it was going to turn in to. This group of people, called The Party, have control over everything and everyone, and they have a leader, known as Big Brother, who is everywhere throughout the novel and the people look up to him. They invented a languageRead MoreAnalysis Of George Orwell s 19841423 Words   |  6 PagesIn the novel 1984 by George Orwell, the Party has many strategies and tactics that help them have complete control of the people of Oceania. The control the Party has maintained gives them the ability to manipulate people as a result. The Party takes away the people’s freedom to have a say in their government and become their own person. They use their power to an extreme against the people rather than to help the people. The Party takes advantage of every opportunity to instill fear in the citizens

The Meaning of the Truman Show - 1550 Words

In the last few years, America has undergone a significant cultural change. Previously, almost no criticism of the media reached the public, except for some of the complaints of business interests and conservatives. The media controlled the means of communication and it used that power to censor virtually all discussion of its own role in shaping events But now -- at last -- we are starting to get some public debate over the way the media manipulates public opinion and routinely creates fictions that masquerade as facts. The change has taken place in large measure because the media itself has become so powerful and so out of control, there is no longer any way for it to keep what it is doing under wraps. Ironically, one of the†¦show more content†¦What gives this metaphor life is the way the movie depicts two attitudes we routinely take toward media. In one, we are absorbed by it; we accept its rendition of reality because it occupies our view. We are like children whose parents define their world. The lifelikeness and seamlessness of media fabrications and the fact that they are entertaining, help induce this attitude in us. We frequently experience it while reading news stories and watching television and movies. In the second attitude, we distance ourselves from media. We examine its meaning and try to understand the intentions of its authors. This second attitude is what makes criticism -- and freedom -- possible. In life, we frequently switch from one attitude to another and mix them together. In watching television, we may easily become absorbed in the program. Then something will jar us out of our spell, such as a breakdown in the illusion or the expression of ideas we disagree with. As a result, we will suddenly distance ourselves from what we are watching, and perhaps ridicule it or suspect the intentions of its creators. The critics of media have been trying to get us to cultivate this second attitude, so we will see through the falsehood we are offered on a daily basis. The movie depicts just such a change in attitude as a transformation in the way Truman seesShow MoreRelatedMovie Analysis : The Truman Show1543 Words   |  7 PagesOn June 5th, 1998, The Truman Show was released to critical acclaim. Starring Jim Carrey in an uncharacteristic dramatic role, the movie blew past its budget at the box office earning over 264 million dollars (Movie Index, A-Z). Less than a year later on march 26, 1999, an identical movie with a similar plot premiered. Edtv performed poorly at the box office despite its star studded cast, making almost 50 million under budget (Movie Index, A-Z). The crew included popular dramatic actors includingRead MoreThe Cinematic Features Displayed in Pleasantville and The Truman Show1733 Words   |  7 PagesThe Cinematic Features Displayed in Pleasantville and The Truman Show The following essay, which I have composed, is based on two important films of the last decade. Their titles are Pleasantville and The Truman Show. Starting with the Pleasantville, the general overview of the films plot gets more complicated the further you get into it. It brings up several issues all of which I have commented on in this essay. The film starts with two teenagers, David andRead MoreRhetorical Analysis of The Truman Show1521 Words   |  7 Pagesin the film The Truman Show. It is important for a viewer to fully understand the underlying messages and subtle undertones in between the lines, so to speak. The Truman Show is one man’s life being played out in a closed environment for the entertainment of the outside world. Most important to note, Truman Burbank has no clue that his whole life has been little more than just a television program produced on a grand scale to produce the image of reality in a dome. The Truman Show blends ethos, logosRead MoreFahrenheit 451 As A Dystopian Society1181 Words   |  5 Pagesthe help of books. The main character in The Truman show, Truman Burbank, lives in an imaginary dystopian society in a dome where he is placed to live under surveillance on a television show without his awareness. Inside the dome, Truman is given what seems to be the perfect life. Truman lives next to the beach, has a wife, and a secure office job. In Truman’s society, everyone he knows is an actor pretending to be various roles in his life. Truman has little say in what he does, as he is influencedRead MoreAnimal Farm Vs Animal Farm Essay1319 Words   |  6 PagesIn the novel the Animal Farm and in the film The Truman show, both authors try to paint a picture of what utopia and a good life demonstrates through these two texts. If a good life is wanted then the animals need to work together to achieve their goal and truman needs to find out what is the real truth for him. The Truman Show and Animal Farm both try to convey what utopia would look like in our world by showing a false sense of what the world seems to be. Power and control is a huge theme in theRead MoreThe Cold War Was A State Of Political And Military Conflict1547 Words   |  7 Pages various different strategies and foreign policies were tried and tested by US presidents. However, the en vironment in which these policies operated in did not stay consistent. Correspondingly, the Soviet Union’s potency fluctuated consistently, meaning that during some periods the â€Å"Red Scare† was not nearly as threatening as others. The ever-changing state of affairs throughout the Cold War was spawned from a number of reasons, including both the belligerency of what was then the current SovietRead MoreBrave New World by Aldous Huxley1093 Words   |  4 Pagesproduction The Truman Show by Peter Weir and Aldous Huxley’s novel Brave New World. In each media, the society depicted seemed outwardly perfect, and the citizens were content. The individuals remained content through complete government control. With every society’s strength is a weakness, interestingly enough, the Achilles’ heel of both perfect societies is totalitarianism and social conditioning. The fact of the matter is that not everyone will be the standard. The Truman Show is a 24/7 recordingRead MoreSimilarities Between The Truman Show And Animal Farm1219 Words   |  5 PagesGeorge Orwell) and ‘The Truman Show’ (directed by Peter Weir), the author and director explore these themes. Power and control, the good life, utopia. These three themes are key to living the full life. To have a utopia you must have a good life and to have a good life you must have your own power and your own control. One cannot have good life if there is no freedom involved in that life. If they do not have the option to choose their life will not be ‘good’. In ‘The Truman Show’, Peter Weir, portraysRead MoreTruman Show: Ethical or Unethical? Essay1547 Words   |  7 Pageswhat if this perfect life was a lie and the story of your life was actually a TV show? That is the life of Truman Burbank, who was born and raised on a set his entire life without any knowledge of it. So the question is asked: is Trumans lifestyle an abuse of human rights? Two characters arise to form two sides of the argument. Christof is the creator/producer/director of The Truman Show and has watched over Truman since before he was born. Christof believes that his actions are justified throughRead MoreEmily Dickinsons Tell All the Truth but Tell It Slant Explication 944 Words   |  4 Pagesbe painful. Finally, the last line of this stanza, â€Å"The Truth’s superb surprise† (1 .4), personifies the truth as having the ability to give a surprise. A surprise is something unexpected and at times shocking. Dickinson, through this comparison, shows that the truth is able to have a shocking or surprising effect if it is completely told at one time. The second stanza continues with this overlying theme of how one must go about telling the truth. It starts off with the simile, â€Å"As Lightning to

Pakistan Essay Example For Students

Pakistan Essay A Portrait of the Death of an EconomyMy topic deals with Pakistan, its relationship with the IMF and World Bank, and its internal problems that are causing unemployment, poverty, economic crisis and hunger. I shall be analyzing the situation using the neo-classical theory, as it is what the economists of the Pakistan government and the IMF are using to alleviate the economic instability of the country. Situated in the sub-continent, Pakistan is a low-income country, with great promise for growth. Unfortunately, it is held back from reaching middle-income status by chronic problems like a rapidly growing population, sizable government deficits, a heavy dependence on foreign aid, recurrent governmental instability and large military expenditures. It is to address these fundamental faults in Pakistans economy that the IMF has initiated the Structural Adjustment Programs (SAPs) in the country. This is discussed in further detail later in the paper. Like all developing countries, Pakistans population is largely employed in the agricultural sector, which accounts for about 48 percent of the labor force. In todays world the Industrial and Service sectors are the largest growing areas of a developed countys economy. Yet Pakistan only employs 39 percent of its population in Service, and a minute 13 percent in Industry. This is a paltry figure, compared to the employment statistics of a developed country. Pakistan is also heavily dependent on a single export crop, cotton. Hence the countrys fortunes rise and fall with the cotton market. It is no wonder that there are so many poverty stricken people in Pakistan. When almost half the population is involved in a very volatile market, a lot of the time, a lot of people will be burnt by price fluctuations. The country is also subject to the mercy of the weather. Focussing on a major cash crop means very little diversification. This translates to mass hunger and hard times for the agricultural sector whenever the agrarian lands are ravaged by floods, or conversely, by droughts. Even more importantly, Pakistans agricultural sector is marked by large landowners, controlling most of the production. Hence, only a minimal amount of the profit from exports goes to the poor people working for the large farmers. It is these people who constitute a large portion of Pakistans population. It is also these people who are living in abject poverty in the rural regions of the country, devoid of the right to feed their families. This is a great illustration of a theme discussed in World Hunger, Twelve Myths. Lappe, Collins, Rosset and Esparza discuss the commonly believed myths about why hunger and poverty exist. In it they clarify this very important point: hunger does not exist due to a shortage of available food, but because of fear and powerlessness, resulting in the anguish, grief and humiliation felt by the hungry and poverty stricken. Pakistan is a classic example of this theory. Based on a feudal system, especially in agriculture, Pakistani society is primarily controlled by feudal overlords, (a.k.a. the politicians or relatives of politicians), who own or oversee most of the agrarian land and industrial base. Being above the law, due to their political influence, these corrupt people can literally get away with murder. Thus, keeping their laborers subdued and underpaid is no hard task. Anyone who dares to complain is used as an example for potential future unrest. As a result, the people in their elakhas, (controlled lands), remain destitute in the throes of poverty, unable to help themselves due to their lack of power and the fear of the thekedars, (large landowners). By a lack of power, I refer not to a dearth of physical prowess but to a scarcity of basic human rights. These are the same rights that people in developed countries take for granted. The right to vote for whomever one feels like is missing. Instead a lot of villagers are forced to vote for the local land owner due to a combination of fear and ignorance; a fear of the repercussions of a potential loss by the feudal lord and the ignorance of any means to escape this same overlords wrath. Very often there is also no choice of candidates. There are very few people willing to risk their own and their families safety by running against their subjugators. All this goes against the very nature of the free market economy that Pakistan is supposed to be running. While the IMF and World Bank are using Neo Classical theory to address the nations problems in the capital, half the country is still being run under the feudal system. Till this system is broken, and the immense lower classes are empowered there is not a dent that can be made in the countrys poverty and hunger issues. Rather the problem will continue to grow right under the economists noses. Pakistan is also set back by ethnic problems, having numerous groups including Punjabis, Pakhtoons, Sindhis, Balochis and Mujahirs. Speaking different languages, the different ethnic groups do not get along very well as is witnessed by the numerous clashes between Sindhis and Mujahirs in the violence torn city of Karachi. The language barrier also translates to a lack of mobility of labor, which is a key to economic success under neo-classical theory. Hence the large sparsely populated province of Balochistan is presently under utilized. Due to a lack of available labor, industries are tough to set up. If the language/ethnic barrier could be overcome, the rich lands of Balochistan could potentially become the saviors of Pakistans economy. Pakistan also has a very week industrial base. Being an ex British colony it suffers from a similar problem to the one ailing a number of the African and South American countries. This issue is that the colonists never bothered building up the neces sary base for industrialization. While the rest of the world was busy building this base, greedy colonists who did not care about the country and thus paid no attention to its development were exploiting countries like Pakistan. Hence Pakistan is permanently playing catch up to the rest of the developed world leaving very little money for social services to help the situation of the poor. The literacy rate in Pakistan is also very low. In 1992, the official literacy rate for the adult population was said to be a low 36 percent. Even more dismal was the statistic that listed 45 women being educated for every man. With this dearth of qualified personnel, there is no room for economic growth as there are no new minds to head the growth. Women are also the primary food producers in Pakistan. If they are not being educated, it means that they are not up to date on the latest production techniques, which in turn translates to inefficiency and the aforementioned ignorance. Once again it all ties into the powerlessness that marks the hunger and poverty-stricken. Women represent 54 percent of Pakistans population. If they are not allowed to exercise their rights to an education and to vote, how can the country be expected to progress? It is like asking a man with one leg to run. Like other third world countries, in Pakistan, substandard housing, inadequate sanitation and water supply, and widespread malnutrition contribute to spread of disease and to high infant, childhood, and maternal mortality. The leading causes of death are gastroenteritis, respiratory infections, congenital abnormalities, tuberculosis, malaria, and typhoid fever, all preventable diseases. Unfortunately the poor, uneducated lower classes are not given enough attention by the corrupt officials running the country, which is resulting in their situation deteriorating year by year. These, along with other economic and social issues are causing immense hunger and poverty in Pakistan. Presently Pakistan is passing through an unprecedented economic crisis, made worse by the global recession. The turmoil in domestic markets and the imbalance between resources and liabilities threatens to roll back the modest levels of economic development and industrialization that Pakistan has achieved so far. Had it not been for a reasonably strong agricultural base, the situation would be much worse. This situation has been caused by a mixture of issues, including the near sightedness of politicians and their persistence in following politically popular, but economically disastrous policies. An example of this is the detonation of a nuclear bomb a year ago. Simply to show off to India and the rest of the world, as well as to raise their local popularity, the Pakistani government decided to go ahead with an unnecessary test that brought economic sanctions against them and also co st them a lot of their aid from western countries. However, much more important have been the structural reasons underlying this deterioration, all of which have been contributing to the growing feeling of desperation the hungry and poverty stricken have been experiencing. Before this paper begins finding solutions to the problems at hand, we need to remind ourselves of the key issues. 1) One major problem that Pakistan needs to deal with is the fact that its expenses are far more than its revenues. Partly due to decades of lax fiscal management, but more because of myopic policies in its external relations, the militaristic structure of the state and the narrow vision of its rapist elite, Pakistan is Rs 100 billion short of the money to simply keep its existing machinery operational. How is a third world country supposed to develop an infrastructure when it is spending more than its net revenues on only two items, debt servicing and defense? In fact, Rs 18 billion of its defense has to be financed to borrowing. The Pakistani government has not been governing; it has simply been acting as a debt-securing agency. 2) Lately the government has been touting the fact that it has achieved the IMF imposed budget defect target. What it neglects to mention that it achieved the target through questionable means. Firstly, it drastically reduced its developmental expenditure f rom 7.5 per cent of GDP in the early 90s to a paltry 3 per cent, which translates to a cutback of 140 billion in present prices. A cutback of expenditure of such extent in the governments purchases of private sector goods like cement, pipes and cables and services like engineering explains why a number of private sub-sectors are at the point of closing down, operating at a vastly reduced capacity. This is adding to the issues of hunger, poverty and unemployment being faced in Pakistan. The government has also reduced the amount it givers to the provinces by Rs 30 billion, transferring some of its debt to the provincial governments. In other words the government has done nothing to resolve the issue of structural defect. 3) Whats worse is that not only has developmental expenditure been sharply curtailed, but that the scarce resources set aside for infrastructure works have been diverted to less productive investments_like the new motorway and the new Lahore airport. This massive reduction of the public sectors developmental activities is causing a contraction in employment opportunities for Pakistans growing number of middle class educated youth. This is particularly serious in the areas where the private sector is unlikely to locate due to the lack of infrastructure. Thus the really poor areas continue to live in poverty due to the governments inability to provide adequate physical and social infrastructure or create an environment for private sector investment. It has also not been able to maintain law and order and is guilty of not living up to its contractual obligations which is further discouraging foreign and domestic investment in the country. The treatment of its foreign currency account ho lders and IPPs last year illustrates this point. 4) Pakistan suffers from the typical problems that all third world countries suffer. One of these is massive corruption at all levels, estimated at Rs 100 billion a year. This means that a large portion of national wealth has been stolen from the poor. No wonder, the country is unable to lift itself out of the quagmire of poverty and hunger. 5) Tax evasion is another issue that the government needs to address. Successive governments have failed to establish a tax culture due to an inequitable structure, which taxes different sources differently. An example of this is provided by the large farmers who, despite now getting higher international prices for their crop, are unwilling to pay the modest levels of provincial taxes. The political leadership itself does not pay its taxes diligently. Thus, unless companies owned by sitting ministers install invoice based systems for tax accounting, it will continue to be difficult to enforce retail taxes. Also, the repeated bowing down of the government to shutter-down threats of traders and the repeated refusal of large land-owners to meet their tax obligations is increasing the burden of taxes on the helpless poor, the organized sectors, and the honest people foolish enough to pay their taxes. If the rich are not willing to meet their responsibilities, how are the poor supposed to survive?6) There is the additional problem of a gap of between 5 an 6 per cent of GDP per year between domestic national savings and investments which translates to approximately Rs 150 billion being financed from external borrowing. This further adds to the crippling debt that is allowing the IMF and World Bank to interfere in the formulation of domestic economic policies. A Lesson Before Dying EssayDue to the high levels of public debt and its effects on the budget, the government is to adopt a debt management policy to reduce the debt and debt-service ratios. The banking reform program has already started to stem the losses from the politically motivated lending and subsequent operating losses. The efficiency of the banking sector has been improved through a change in management and by reducing overstaffing and the excessive numbers of branches. Regulations and financial disclosure standards have been brought to international levels to increase transparency. The central banks autonomy, especially in monetary policy and banking supervision, has also been strengthened through the amendment of the law. This is to lead to the privatization of the rest of the government controlled banks over the next two years. Reform in the Foreign exchange market Pakistan is to increase the role of market forces in the process of determining the exchange rate by developing the spot and forward markets, and by eventually having a freely floating exchange rate. Plans have been made to remove the remaining restrictions on exports and imports and to further lower import tariffs. The elimination of import bans on textile products is expected to be agreed upon during negotiations between Pakistan and its main trading partners. Only tariffs applying to automobile imports will remain for balance of payments reasons. The focus of the tax reform program is to achieve larger revenues from tax collection, while promoting a more equitable distribution of the tax burden and greater documentation of the economy. To achieve this, the tax base is to be broadened by including previously untaxed income and under taxed sectors, and tax administration improved in order to provide scope for a lowering of statutory tax rates. A comprehensive review of the income tax system is also to be completed soon, and the recommendations from the review are to be implemented in the 1999/2000 fiscal year. Expenditure and civil service reform Improvements in expenditure policy are to concentrate on maximizing its effectiveness and developmental impact. To achieve this the government is to reduce spending on lower-priority activities by reducing the public investment program, lower spending on personnel, allocate resources toward high-priority and essential operating and maintenance expenditures, provide adequate money for basic social services which are part of the SAPs, and improve the planning and monitoring of budgetary expenditures. Pakistan is currently at the brink of complete collapse. It has got to the point where the army has stepped in and declared martial law and the people are happy about it! This shows how desperate the situation is. For many of the poor and starving, martial law represents their last hope as everyone including their government and international financial institutions has betrayed their trust. The question arises as to what the military can do to alleviate the problems and stem the collapse. The following are some suggestions:a) Until now taxation structure has been a dependent on import related taxes and excise duties. Along with sales and income taxes for mobilizing revenues no matter how poor the enforcement, the speed of imposed tariff reform program effects the capacity of the taxation structure to raise adequate resources to meet operational expenditures. The slowdown of industrial activity has also weighed greatly on this factor. Therefore there is a great need to place a structure which taxes incomes of all sources equally. b) Contrary to popular belief high rates of return on government issued instruments do not necessarily increase savings rates. They, instead, influence the switch from one instrument to the next. This encourages an outflow of capitol. A more practical proposition for decreasing the deficit would be for the government to lower yields on its securities and saving schemes. Taxation should also be brought up to date and been adjusted to levy new issues rather that old. c)To assist industries interest rates will have to be cut further in order for these operations to breathe. d) The industry should weed out the units that do not operate up to a certain efficiency standard so as to allow the inflow of cash to competent units. Ceasing to provide revival packages to dying industries as Pakistan has being doing for the last decade can do this. They need to let the free market take its course and eliminate non-competitive firms. e) The rupee is substantially overvalued and must be allowed to float so as to allow exports to sell fairly in international markets and to make foreign products less competitive in local markets. In turn, a revamping of the monetary system to correctly assess drawback claims would greatly improve the financial situation. f) There is one government servant for every thirty-five Pakistanis. Therefore the government needs to right-size itself so as to improve its efficiency and cut back on expenditure on benefits. The multiple layers of required processing shake the present effectiveness of policy. A smaller, more efficient government would mean that policies would not hit the streets after the fact. g) A problem far greater than corruption is the lack of competence in public sector enterprises. There is a need for more specialists in key departmental positions instead of the present use of generalists to man key positions. h) Pakistan currently spends more than twice as much as India and Sri Lanka do per student at the primary and secondary levels. Hence there is a need to restructure the social aspect of the public sector through decentralization, so as to bring about greater efficiency. I) After the acquisition of nuclear weaponry, Pakistan needs to review its defense spending and the size of its army. There is no real need to be spending more than the size of the budget on a defense that could, most probably, never be required. k) It also needs to establish independent institutions to conduct a thorough accountability for the governments actions so as to dissuade corrupt officials from stealing, evading taxes and mistreating the poor people living and working on their land. l) The quality of political leadership also needs to be improved. Decreasing the incentives of holding a seat in senate or assembly can do this. For example, the discretionary power to give tax breaks could be taken away. The economy could be further decontrolled and privatized. The income tax forms for those in office and heir immediate family should be made public for their time in office so as to control corruption. In this way the politicians and their relatives, who control a lot of the agricultural and industrial sectors, would have a harder time evading taxes and mistreating their labor. m) The government also needs to stop focussing on debt servicing which is obviously impossible at this point, and start focussing on getting the debt either absolved or completely restructured with equitable interest rates. Money saved from the reduction of the annual spending on debt servicing could then be used for financing re-prioritized infrastructure related developmental programs. Primarily focussing on deprived areas, particularly in the smaller provinces, and for financing human development programs and social safety nets for the less privileged segments of the population, the country could provide its present lower class with an option that they have not had before. This is the option to improve their lot through hard work and with the opportunity to break free of the controlling feudal system. After all, capital is not such a major constraint if there is an educated labor force that can deploy the existing capital productively. The major setback to growth is the lack of human capital that can absorb technology and the experiences of other countries to leapfrog a number of developmental stages Which is what Pakistan needs to do to undo the damage done by the colonists. It is people that make the biggest difference, not the capital hat they are using, since assets are just a means to an end. On the other hand, expanding good-quality education can create islands of skill wherein important skills in various key disciplines can be developed so as to push up the growth rate. To support this, I believe that all investments in, and incomes from education should be exempt from taxation. Furthermore, money saved from debt-servicing could be used for public sector investments in agriculture to enhance yields per acre in essential food production, thereby placing a constraint on the d rain of foreign exchange being used to purchase imports of agricultural commodities like wheat and edible oils. This would make these vital food products cheaper and more accessible to the poorer citizens going some way to reducing hunger. As wheat and ghee, (a local edible oil), are major mainstays of the local diet, they should be made completely tax-free and subsidized, so as to further cheapen their prices. I feel that this would go along way towards lightening the burden on the poor. Investments in agriculture are also critical as it continues to be the mainstay of the economy and provides a livelihood for a large majority of the population. It can also play a strong role in supporting small-scale industry and in checking rural-urban migration. If the military decides to impose these policies, or policies similar to these, Pakistan may have a hope of avoiding what appears to be an inevitable crash of its economy. The situation of the poor and under privileged could also be alleviated eventually as long as the government decides to start spending money on developing an infrastructure that can help feed the hungry by providing them with jobs. Nevertheless, there are no easy options left. Only the painful ones remain. It is, however, important that the pain of reform be distributed equitably, and not born largely by the poorer classes, as is very often the case. There are tough times ahead. Unfortunately, there is little evidence that the Pakistani ruling elite is a ware of the gravity of the situation; or that it has what it will take to steer the country out of its mess. Bibliography: